Guideline for Installation of Internal & External Hydrant

March 2, 2026 Leave a comment

 

INTERNAL & EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT REFERENCE
Area Code Clause No Descriptions
Installation Height NFPA:14 7.3.1.1 Hose connections and hose stations shall be unobstructed and shall be located not less than 0.9 Meter or more than 1.5 Meter above the floor. This dimension shall be measured from the floor to the centre of the hose valve.
NBC:2016 5.1.1 (a) Hydrant Valve shall be 0.9 Meter from Ground Level
CPWD 8.2.4.1 The landing valve shall be fitted to a T-connection of the riser at the landing in such a way that the valve is in the center of the internal hydrant opening and at a height of 0.9 Meter from floor level.
IS 3844 5.9 Landing valves should be installed on each floor level and on the roof, if accessible, in such a way that control line of landing valve is 1 to 1.2 Meter above the floor level. In the event of pump pressure being excessive at the lower floor levels in tall buildings a reducer should be provided in the landing valves to limit operating pressure to 5.5 kg/cm2 (0.5 N/mm2). The hoses, nozzles and branch pipes should be kept adjacent to the landing valves in wall boxes or in recesses.
CPWD 8.2.4.2 The valve base shall be vertical and the valve facing outside. There should be no hindrance in operation of the handle.
AS2419.1 3.2.2.1 The  centre line of the  fire hydrant valve or outlet not less than  0.75 Meter and  not more than 1.2 Meter above the ground, finished floor level or platform and have the  tire hydrant valve outlet horizontal or sloping not more than 30 deg   below the horizontal.
IS 13039 4.4 External Hydrant: In external Area All hydrant outlets shall be situated 1 Meter above ground level.
Clear Space around Hydrant NFPA:1 18.5.7.1 914 mm clear space shall be maintained around the circumference of fire hydrants except as otherwise required or approved.
NFPA:1 18.5.7.2  A clear space of not less than 1.5 Meter shall be provided in front of each hydrant connection having a diameter greater than 64 mm.
NFPA:14 4.7.5 Hose connections shall be located so that there is at least 76.2 mm clearance between any adjacent object and the handle of the valve when the valve is in any position ranging from fully open to fully closed.
NFPA:14 7.3.1.2 The hose connection shall not be obstructed by the closed or open door or other objects on the landing.
CPWD 3.2.4 Internal hydrant shall be easily accessible. A clear space of at least 1.5 Meter should be available in front of the internal hydrant for operation. Internal hydrant shall not be provided in a lockable room.
AS2419.1 3.2.2.2.a A clearance of not less than 1 Meter directly in front of the  fire hydrant outlet and laying of fire hose.
AS2419.1 3.2.2.2.b A clearance of not less than 500 mm tram any point ot a door-swing arc and the tire hydrant outlet where installed in a fire isolated stair
AS2419.1 3.2.2.2.c A clearance of not less than 100 mm around the handwheel of the fire hydrant valve, in both the fully closed and fully open positions, to allow for the turning on and off of the fire hydrant valve.
AS2419.1 3.2.2.2.d A clearance around the fire hydrant valve outlet of not less than 300 mm through an arc of 225° in the plane of the valve outlet, to facilitate the use of a hose spanner for the connection and disconnection of fire hose.
Location of Internal Hydrant Point NFPA:14 7.3.2 Class I Systems. Class I systems shall be provided with 65 mm hose connections in the following locations:
(1) At the main floor landing in exit stairways
(2) On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit openings of horizontal exits
(3) In other than covered mall buildings, in each exit passageway at the entrance from the building areas into the passageway
(4) In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each exit passageway or exit corridor, and at the interior side of public entrances from the exterior to the mall
(5) At the highest landing of stairways with stairway access to a roof, or on roofs with a slope of less than 4 in 12 where stairways do not access the roof
NBC:2016 5.1.1(g) Hydrants for firefighting and hose reels shall be located in the lobby in firefighting shaft. Those hydrants planned to be provided near fire exit staircase on the floor shall be within 5 Meter from exit door in exit access
IS 13039 4.19.7 A hydrant shall be provided on every floor landing which shall be not less than 1.25 Meter area
CPWD 3.2.4 Internal Hydrant: Internal hydrants are provided to fight fire from within the building. Following factors are considered for deciding location of internal hydrant:
(i) Internal hydrants are provided at every floor at the same location and connected with risers.
(ii) Hydrant for firefighting shall be located in the lobby in firefighting shaft. Those hydrants planned to be provided near fire exit staircase on the floor shall be within 5 Meter from exit door in exit access.
(iii) Numbers and location of risers shall be decided as per Para 2.4.1.6. Every wing of the building shall preferably be provided with independent hydrants. Hydrant shall be located in the center of the building so that one hydrant can cover area on both sides.
NFPA:14 7.3.2.2.1.1 The travel distance for Fire Hose shall be 61 Meter for sprinklered buildings.
NFPA:14 7.3.2.2.1.2 The travel distance for Fire Hose shall be 39.7 Meter for non sprinklered buildings.
NFPA:14 7.3.2.2.1.3 Fire Hydrant connections shall be provided in each exit passageway in other than covered mall buildings.
NFPA:14 7.3.2.5 A single hose connection shall be permitted to be installed in the open corridor between open stairs that are not greater than 23 Meter apart.
NFPA:14 7.3.2.10 Additional hose connections shall be provided in Non sprinklered buildings where the distance from connections required to the most remote portion or story exceeds 45.7 Meter
NFPA:14 7.3.2.11 Additional hose connections shall be provided in buildings sprinklered where the distance from connections required to the most remote portion or story exceeds 61 Meter
NFPA:14 7.3.2.1 Hose connections shall be permitted to be located at the highest intermediate landings between floor levels in exit stairways where required by the AHJ.
IS 13039 4.16 High Hazard Area: In case of buildings/plants occupied for high hazard process or storage areas, the hydrants shall be located at a minimum distance of 15 Meter from the periphery of storage tank or hazardous equipment under protection.
IS 13039 4.17 If any point within the building is at a distance of more than 45 Meter from an external fire hydrant, an internal hydrant system shall be provided so that no portion of the floor is more than 45 Meter from an external hydrant or 30 Meter from an internal hydrant. Distance of 45 Meter indicated above shall be increased to 60 Meter for light hazard occupancies and reduced to 30 m for high hazard occupancies.
IS 3844: 5.12 For single headed landing valve, the front opening glass door may be of single leaf, but for double landing valve, double leaf doors are recommended. The location of the riser main, along the landing valves and hose reel, etc, should be such as to leave enough clearance on both sides and also below the landing valve, for smooth operations. The landing valves should be so fitted to the riser main, that when the fire hose is connected to it, and charged with water under pressure, it will not form any kin& Consideration should alsp be given to allow adequate. spaces, around the valve to permit maintenance and testing
Location of External Hydrant Point NFPA:1 18.5.1.6 Fire hydrants shall be located not more than 3.7 Meter from the fire department access road.
IS 13039 4.12 In External Area: At least one hydrant post shall be provided for every 60 Meter of external wall measurement in case of light hazard occupancy, for every 45 Meter in case of ordinary hazard occupancy and every 30 Meter of external wall measurement or perimeter of building/unit battery limit in case of high hazard occupancy.
IS 13039 4.13 In External Area: Where any part of a building is normally used  for storage purpose or where hazardous processes are carried out, there shall be two single or one double headed hydrant within 15 Meter of the building, the layout being such that two jets of water can be played simultaneously on the highest point of the roof.
IS 13039 4.15 In External Area:  For light and moderate hazard risks, hydrant heads shall be positioned at distances not less than 2 Meter from the face of the building or edge of the storage plot to be protected. Such buildings shall not be deemed to be protected by a hydrant unless such hydrant is within 15 Meter of the building.
IS 13039 4.16 High Hazard Building: In the case of Whole Building is high Hazard the distance of Fire Hydrant shall be not less than 5 Meter and more than 15 Meter from the face of building. Hydrants/Monitors shall be located along road side for easy accessibility as far as possible.
CPWD 2.4.1.8.1 External Hydrant: For fighting fire from outside the building, yard hydrants are provided around the building and in the closed court yard. For connecting yard hydrants, a ring of pipe shall be laid underground around the building at a minimum distance of 2 Meter from the face of the building. All internal risers shall be connected with this ring.
CPWD 2.4.1.8.1 External Hydrant: Yard hydrants shall be located at a minimum distance of 2 m but not more than 15 m from the building face. The yard hydrants shall be easily accessible and should normally be provided near boundary wall/along road. While locating yard hydrants it should be ensured that same do not become hindrance in vehicular movement or entrance to the building. Yard hydrants, should be located around the building in such a way that it should be possible to fight fire on any face of the building from the nearest hydrant. At least one hydrant post shall be provided for every 45 Meter
AS2419.1 3.5.3.1 Not less than 10 Meter from the building or fire compartment it is protecting.
AS2419.1 3.5.3.1 Not less than 10 Meter from any high voltage main electrical distribution equipment such as transformers and distribution boards.
AS2419.1 3.5.3.1 Not less than 10 Meter from any Electric Vehicle Charging Station regardless of voltage unless protected by a wall or other construction having an FRL.
AS2419.1 3.5.3.1 Not less than 10 Meter   from   a   stored   quantity   of   dangerous   goods   (e.g.   LPG, petroleum, propane).
AS2419.1 3.5.3.1 Not less than 10 Meter from external combustible storage (e.g. palletized combustible storage items).
AS2419.1 3.5.3.1 Not less than 3 Meter from the vent   terminal   of   any   gas   assembly   or   gas measurement system.
Fire Department Connection NFPA:14 6.4.6  Fire department connections shall be located not less than 0.45 Meter nor more than 1.2 Meter above the level of the adjoining ground, sidewalk, or grade surface.
NFPA:24 5.9.5.1 Fire department connections shall be located on the street side of buildings.
IS 3844 3.2 Fire Service Connections (Tank Filling): This is a 4 Way collecting breeching with blank caps (without non-return valve) fixed to a 150-mm dia pipe which is connected to the fire tank for filling from external source.
IS 3844 5.11 A minimum of two hydrants connected to internal hydrant system should be provided within the courtyard of the buildings. These should preferably be sited adjacent to the roads along the compound wall and facilities provided for fire brigade appliances.
Fire Inlet Connection IS 3844 3.19 Fire Service Inlet: 2 Way or 3 Way collecting head (see 5.1.1 and 5.2.3) with non-return valves fitted to the down-comer/wet-riser main, so that in case of need, fire service can directly pressurize the system with their pump.
IS 3844 5.2.3 Fire Service Inlet (Raising Main) : Fire service inlet with gate and non-return valve to charge the riser in the event of failure of the static pump directly from the mobile pump of the fire services should be provided on the wet-riser system. The fire service inlet for 100 mm internal diameter rising main should have collecting head with 2 numbers of 63 mm inlets and for 150 mm rising main, collecting head with 4 numbers of 63 mm inlets should be provided.
IS 3844 5.5.1.a Fire Service Inlet (Raising Main of Each Zone): A fire service inlet at ground level fitted with a non-return valve should also be provided to the rising main of each zone for charging it by fire service pumps, in case of failure of fire pump. If two rising mains are within a distance of 30 m horizontally a single fire service inlet will be sufficient.
IS 3844 5.5.1.b The fire service Inlet should be located and arranged on street side of the building preferably near main entrance, prominently marked and without any obstruction so that fire service can connect hose lines without difficulty.
IS 3844 5.5.1.c The inlet should be located inside a box made of 1.6 mm mild steel plate with openable 4mm thick glass frontage with locking arrangements. The words ‘Fire Service Inlet’ should be written in letters at least 75 mm in height and 12 mm in width in fluorescent fire red colour (IS 5: 1978).

 

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Guideline for Installation of Fire Extinguisher

February 2, 2026 1 Comment

Guideline for Installation of Fire Extinguisher

FIRE EXTINGUISHER REFERENCE
AreaCodeClause NoDescriptions
Mounting HeightNFPA 106.1.3.8.1Fire extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding 18.14 kg shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more than 1.53 Meter above the floor.
NFPA 106.1.3.8.2Fire extinguishers having a gross weight greater than 18.14 kg (except wheeled types) shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more than 1.07 Meter  above the floor.
NFPA 106.1.3.8.3In no case shall the clearance between the bottom of the hand portable fire extinguisher and the floor be less than 102 mm.
OSHA 1910.157(c)(1)To prevent fire extinguishers from being moved or damaged, recommends mounting on brackets or in wall cabinets, with carrying handles 0.9 to 1.5 Meter  above the floor.
OSHA 1910.157(c)(1)Larger extinguishers should have the carrying handle about 0.9 Meter from the floor. This also aligns with general fire extinguisher mounting requirements.
AS2445 No extinguisher should be mounted higher than 1.2 Meter off the floor. The bottom of the extinguisher should be no less than 100mm from the floor.
NBC: 20165.1.1These fire extinguishing equipment and their installation  shall  be  in  accordance with accepted standards [4(17)]. The extinguishers shall be mounted at a convenient height to enable its quick access and efficient use by all  in  the  event  of  a  fire  incidence.
PlacementNFPA 106.1.3.1Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they are readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire.
NFPA 106.1.3.2 Fire extinguishers shall be located along normal paths of travel, including exits from areas.
IS 2190 : 20106.2Generally, fire extinguishers should be placed as near as possible to exits or stair lands without hindering the escape routes. Wherever possible, advantage should be taken of normal routes of escape by placing these in positions where these shall readily be seen by persons following the natural impulse to get out of danger.
IS 2190 : 20106.3The extinguishers should be available for immediate use at all times. Extinguishers should be
sited in such a way that the user may not have to travel more than 15 Meter  from the site of the fire to reach the extinguishers. Similar positions on each floor are advisable.
AS2444Section 2.3.10Fire extinguishers should be located between 2 Meter and 20 Meter the hazard (eg: switchboard, kitchen..)
NFPA 10E.3Class A: Where the floor area of a building is less than 279 m2 at least one fire extinguisher of the minimum size recommended should be provided.
Maximum travel distanceNFPA 106.2.1.2.2Class A Hazards: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed 22.9 Meter, except as modified by 6.2.1.4.(Where hose stations are so provided, they shall conform to NFPA 14.)
NFPA 106.3.1.3Class B Hazards: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances do not exceed 9 Meter to 15 Meter.
NFPA 106.3.3.1Class B Hazards: Where hand portable fire extinguishers are installed or positioned for obstacle, gravity/three-dimensional, or pressure fire hazards, the actual travel distance to hazard shall not exceed 9.1 Meter unless otherwise specified.
NFPA 106.3.3.2Class B Hazards: Where wheeled fire extinguishers of 56.7 kg agent capacity or larger are installed or positioned for obstacle, gravity/three-dimensional, or pressure fire hazards, the actual travel distance to hazard shall not exceed 30.5 Meter unless otherwise specified.
NFPA 106.5.2Class D Hazards: Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be located not more than 22.9 Meter of travel distance from the Class D hazard.
NFPA 106.6.2Class K Hazards: Maximum travel distance shall not exceed 9.1Meter from the hazard to the extinguishers.
OSHA1910157(d)(2)Class A: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 22.8 Meter feet or less
OSHA1910157(d)(4)Class B: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 15 Meter or less
OSHA1910157(d)(5)Class D: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 22.8 Meter or less
OSHA1910157(d)(6)Class K: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is  9 Meter or less
IS 2190 : 20105.4.1Class-A: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed 15 Meter for all type of Hazard
IS 2190 : 20105.4.2Class-B: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed  9 Meter for Light Hazard  and 15 Meter for all rest of Hazard
IS 2190 : 20105.4.3Class-C: Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be required where energized electrical equipment can be encountered. This requirement includes situations where fire either directly involves or surrounds electrical equipment. Since the fire itself is a Class A
or Class B hazard, the fire extinguishers shall be sized and located on the basis of the anticipated Class A or Class B hazard
IS 2190 : 20105.4.4Class -D: Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be located not more than 15 Meter of travel distance from the Class D hazard
Fire Extinguisher Sign HeightNFPA 106.1.3.3.3Signs or other means used to indicate fire extinguisher location shall be located in close proximity to the extinguisher
NFPA 10B.1.3 Where markings are applied to wall panels, and so forth, in the vicinity of fire extinguishers, they should permit easy legibility at a distance of 4.6 Meter.
OSHA1910.157OSHA regulations only require that portable fire extinguishers be identified
AS2444 The sign must be mounted such that it is no less than 2 Metres from the floor level or at a height that makes it the most apparent to a person of average height and visual acuity’
AS2444 The extinguisher or extinguisher sign shall be clearly visible for up to 20 Metres on approach. The size of the sign shall be determined by location on and distance at which the sign must be legible
Fire Extinguisher PlanIS 2190 : 20106.9A framed plan showing the location of fire extinguishers, means of access and other useful
information should be displayed at suitable places on each floor, but should be available near to the entrance to the premises preferably at the security gate or the reception office

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Guideline for Manual Call Point

January 7, 2026 1 Comment

MANUAL CALL POINT REFERENCE
Area Code Clause No Descriptions
Mounting Height NFPA 72 17.14.5  The operable part must be between 1.07 meter to 1.22 meter above the finished floor.
BS 5839-1:2025 20.2 Typically mounted at 1.4 meters (0.2m above or 0.3m below) allowing placement between 1.1 meter and 1.6 meter. For disabled access, heights may be lowered to 0.9 meter  to  1.2 meter.
IS 2189  6.3.8 Call points shall be fixed at a height of 1.4 meter above the surrounding floor level, at easily accessible, we illuminated and conspicuous positions, which are free of obstructions.
From Door Distance NFPA 72 17.15.9.6  pull stations are required to be located within 1.5 meters of each exit doorway on every floor, ensuring they are easily reachable during emergencies. 
NFPA 101  9.6.2.3  the manual fire alarm box shall be located within 1525 mm of exit doorways.
NFPA 101  9.6.2.4 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be mounted on both sides of grouped openings over 40 ft (12.2 meter) in width, and within 1525 mm of each side of the opening.
Travel Distance NFPA 101 9.6.2.5 No horizontal distance on that floor exceeding 200 ft (61 meter) shall need to be traversed to reach a manual fire alarm box.
BS 5839-1:2025  20.2 MCPs must be on escape routes and Distribution of MCPs should be such that no one need travel more than 45 meter in certain route (or 30 meter if layouts are uncertain). For disabled residents this should be adapted to within 25 meter to 16 Meter  of each other. For high-risk areas (e.g. kitchens or cellulose paint spraying) a MCP should be sited in close proximity.
NFPA 72 17.15.9.5 Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be provided so that the travel distance to the nearest manual fire alarm box will not exceed 200 ft (61 meter), measured horizontally on the same floor.
IS 2189  6.3.8 Manual call points shall be so located that, to give an alarm, no person in the premises has to travel distance of more than 30 meter to reach them. When manual call points are also installed external to the building, the travel distance shall be 45 meter
IS 2189  6.3.8 Where necessary, the travel distance may require to be reduced to less than 30 meter, for example, where there is difficulty in free access within the risk or in potentially dangerous risks.
       
Location BS 5839-1:2025    Not placing MCPs at non-final exits or in unsupervised areas like shopping centers.
IS 2189  6.3.8 Manual call point shall be located preferably near entry to staircases at various levels.
NBC 2016  J-9.1.4 Manual call station(s) shall be provided at central location(s) on each platform (near emergency plunger) and at least two on the concourse,  on  each  sidewall. When  the concourse is in two halves, at least one manual call station shall be provided on each side.
BS 5839-1:2017  20.2 MCPs should be located on escape routes and, in particular, at all story exits and all exits to open air that lead to an ultimate place of safety (whether or not the exits are specifically designated as fire exits)
Staircase Landing  BS 5839-1:2017  20.2 MCPs should not be located on stairway landings, as persons travelling down the stairway might operate an MCP several floors below that on which a fire is located, resulting in evacuation of inappropriate areas.
Protecting Cover / Duct Proof BS 5839-1:2025    MCP may provide fitting covers or guards to prevent false alarms and damage.
 NFPA 72 17.14.7 Listed protective covers shall be permitted to be installed over single- or double-action manually actuated alarm initiating devices.
IS 2189  6.3.8 Manual call points shall be housed in dust pre of and moisture proof enclosure properly sealed with rubber lining. 
Recess Mounting IS 2189  6.3.8 Where the call points are not visible from the front as in the case of a long corridor, they shall be surface mounted or semi-recessed in order to present a side profile area of not less than 750 mm.
BS 5839-1:2017  20.2 MCPs may be flush-mounted in locations where they will be seen readily, but, where they will be viewed from the side (e.g. corridors), they should be surface mounted or only semi-recessed with the front face proud of the mounting surface by no less than 15 mm.
MCP Glass Size & Thickness IS 2189  6.3.8 The glass surface shall be minimum 30 mm in area and glass thickness shall not exceed 2 mm. 
MCP/ Pull Station  NFPA 72 17.14.6  Manually actuated alarm-initiating devices shall be permitted to be single action or double action.
NBC 2016  6.4.2.2  The manual call points shall be break glass and not pull stations.
Color  NFPA 72 17.14.8.3 Unless installed in an environment that precludes the use of red paint or red plastic, manual fire alarm boxes shall be Red in color.

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Hydrostatic Test Pressure & Working Pressure Rating for Fire System

July 28, 2025 Leave a comment

Fire System Hydrostatic Test Pressure Rating:

  • The Hydrostatic test for a Fire water line System is to pressurize the System with water to a level beyond its normal operating pressure to identify any leakages and weakness in Pipes and its components to ensure that Fire System can withstand overpressure in Fire scenarios.
  • Hydro test can help to Identifying and repairing these leaks before the system is put into service to  prevents potential safety hazards, environmental damage, and costly downtime. 
  • This test is crucial for verifying that the Fire System can withstand potential pressures during a Fire event. 
  • The Test Pressure is very important to identify the leakages, if pressure is too high than it may be damage Fire Pipes & it’s components and if the pressure is too low than it will not identify various leakages or weak point of the Fire System in potential overpressure scenarios. 

Fire Sprinkler System Hydrostatic Test Pressure Rating

Code

Descriptions
NFPA 13, Section 29.2.1.1 Hydrostatic Tests Acceptance: New or modified sprinkler installations system working pressure Less than 150 PSI (10 Kg/Cm2) should a hydrostatic pressure test of no less than 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) for 2 hours with zero loss in pressure at the reference gauge or visual observation of a leak.
NFPA 13, Section 29.2.1.3 Where the system having working pressure above 150 PSI (10Kg/Cm2) then It must be tested to the system working pressure + 50 PSI (3.4 Kg/Cm2). Example:  For 200 PSI Working Pressure have Testing Pressure of =14+3.4 =17.4 Kg/Cm2
NFPA 13, Section 29.2.1.4 Where fire pump is used for a system, testing pressure shall be determined by using the shut off pressure of the pump, excluding any limiting device.
NFPA 13, Section 10.10.2.2 Underground Piping:  All piping and attached appurtenances subjected to system working pressure shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) or 50 PSI (3.5 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the system working pressure, whichever is greater, and shall maintain that pressure ±5 PSI (0.35 Kg/Cm2) for 2 hours.
NFPA 13, Section 25.2.1.1 Systems Acceptance: All piping and attached appurtenances subjected to a working pressure less than 150 PSI (10Kg/Cm2) shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) and shall maintain that pressure without loss for 2 hours. Portions of systems where working pressures in excess of 150 PSI (10.4 Kg/Cm2) shall be tested at a pressure of 50 PSI (3.5 bar) in excess of working pressure
NFPA 20, Section 14.1.2.1 Suction and discharge piping shall be hydrostatically tested at not less than 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) pressure or at 50 PSI (3.4 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the maximum pressure to be maintained in the system, whichever is greater. The pressure shall be maintained without loss for 2 hours
NFPA 25, Section 6.3.2.1 A working pressure less than 150 PSI (10Kg/Cm2) shall be Hydrostatic tests of not less than 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) pressure for 2 hours, or at 50 PSI (3.4 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the maximum pressure, where maximum pressure is in excess of 150 PSI (10.3 bar), shall be conducted every 5 years on manual standpipe systems and semiautomatic dry standpipe systems, including piping in the fire department connection.
NFPA 25, Section 13.7.4 The piping from the fire department connection to the fire department check valve shall be hydrostatically tested at 150 PSI (10 Kg/Cm2) for 2 hours at least once every 5 years
NFPA 14 , Section 11.4.1 requires all FDCs to be tested hydrostatically at not less than 200PSI (14 Kg/Cm2) or 50PSI (3.5 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the system working pressure, whichever is greater for a duration of 2 hours.
IS 15105:2, Section 10.1.6 The installation piping (from the pumphouse up to the installation valve and also the installation piping with sprinklers) shall be capable of withstanding for two hours a pressure equivalent to 150% of the maximum working pressure. (maximum Pressure may be derive from Fire Pump Data Sheet)
IS 13039, Section 7.1 After installation the system should be capable of withstanding pressure equal to 150% of the maximum working pressure for 2 hour. (maximum Pressure may be derive from Fire Pump Data Sheet)
IS 3844 , Section 8.1 The system should be tested before use by charging with water to a pressure of 700 kPa (7 kg/Cm2) measured at the inlet for a period of at least 30 minutes. During this period, an inspection of the system should be done to check that no leakage of water is taking place at any of the joints or landing valves and the pressure in the system does not drop by more than 50 kPa (0.5 Kg/Cm2).
BS 9251, Section 6.2.2 The installation pipework should be pressurized to a minimum pressure of 15 bar (15.2 Kg/Cm2) or  to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure, whichever is the greater, for 1 hour. If the sprinkler system fails to maintain pressure, the leak should be found and corrected and this test repeated.  (maximum Pressure may be derive from Fire Pump Data Sheet)

Fire System Working Pressure Rating:

  • The Fire System Normal Working Pressure is very important to get sufficient pressure at far end of the System and accordingly Fire Pump’ s delivery Header pressure is decided.
  • The Working Pressure depends upon distance between Fire Pump and Far end of the Fire System.

Fire System Working Pressure Rating
NBC:2016, Section 5.1.1.(f) Pressure at the hydraulically remote Hydrant and at the highest hydrant shall not be less than 3.5 Kg/Cm2. The pressure at the hydrants shall however not exceed 7.0 Kg/Cm2, considering the safety of operators. It may be planned to provide orifice plates for landing valves to control pressure to desired limit especially at lower levels; this could also be achieved through other suitable means of pressure reducing devices such as pressure-controlled hydrant valves.
IS 3844, Section 7.7 & 7.8 To reduce the risk of hose bursting, arrangements should be made so that when the water is shut off at the nozzle the static pressure in any line of hose connected to a landing valve does not exceed 700 kPa (7 Kg/Cm2).
To reduce excess pressure at ground floor or lower floors [in excess of 400 kPa (4 Kg/Cm2) suitable arrangement (orifice flange or other measure)] should be incorporated in the landing valves.
NFPA 14, Section 7.8.1 Hydraulically designed systems shall be designed to provide the waterflow rate of 250 GPM at a minimum residual pressure of 100 PSI (7 Kg/Cm2) at the outlet of the hydraulically most remote 2½ in. (65 mm) hose connection and 65 PSI (4.5 Kg/Cm2) at the outlet of the hydraulically most remote 1½ in. (40 mm) hose station.
IS 13039, Section 6.7 The pressure available at Hydraulically most remote hydrant should not be less than 3.5 Kg/Cm2 for light (Group A to F) and moderate hazard. In case of high hazard (Group G3, H and J), the ‘hydrant system (Group G2) should be so designed that when half the aggregate pumping capacity is being discharged at the hydraulically most remote point and other half in the most vulnerable area enroute a minimum pressure of 5.25 Kg/Cm2 is available at the remote point.*A=Residential, B=Educational, C= Institutional, D= Assembly, E= Business, F= Mercantile, G= Industrial, H= Storage, J= Hazardous.
IS 13039, Section 7.5 Hydrant mains should be tested with the pump delivering at its maximum pressure with all the hydrants outlet closed and thereafter, with at least three adjacent hydrants opened to see that the hydrant yield the minimum output of 1125 liters per minute at a minimum pressure of 5.25 Kg/Cm2 or higher, if needed.
NFPA 13, Section 6.1.3 At Rated Pressure: System components shall be rated for the maximum system working pressure to which they are exposed but shall not be rated at less than 175 PSI (12.1 Kg/Cm2) for components installed above ground and 150 PSI (10.4 Kg/Cm2) for components installed underground.
NFPA 13, Section 3.3.23 System Working Pressure: The maximum anticipated static (nonflowing) or flowing pressure applied to sprinkler system components exclusive of surge pressures and exclusive of pressure from the fire department connection.
IS 15105:2, Section 10.2.2 All fittings shall be able to withstand at least a pressure of 150% of the maximum working pressure.

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Calculate Size of Lift Pressurization Fan for Highrise Building

June 22, 2025 1 Comment

Calculate Size Lift Well Pressurization Fan having following Details

  • Type of Building is Commercial and Sprinkler Protected
  • Number of Lift Door (Basement to Terrace) is 17 Nos (B+G+15)
  • Lift Shaft width is 3600mm and Length is 3600mm
  • Lift Shaft height is 45 Meter
  • Vent window Size at Top of Lift Shaft is 320mm to 320mm
  • Lift Door width is 1 meter and Height is 1.2 meter.
  • No of Lift Door is 17 Nos
  • No of Floor door (Single Leaf) is 26 Nos
  • Air Velocity across door is 0.75 m/sec

Calculation:

  • Air Leakage are calculated on following areas
  1. Leakages through Door on each Floor
  2. Leakages through lift Doors, Shafts, Vents
  3. Leakages through External Wall, Floors
  4. Open Lift Door

(1) Leakages through Door on each Floor

  • No of Floor door (Single Leaf) is 26 Nos
  • Leakage Area around the Door as per BS:5588 = 0.01m2

Air Leakage Data for Doors (BS 5588: Part-4)

Type of Door

Leakage Area (m2)

Single Leaf Doors in Frame Opening into Pressurized Space

0.01

Single Leaf Doors in Frame Opening Outwards

0.02

Double Leaf Doors with or without Central Rebate

0.03

Lift Door

0.06
  • Total leakage area all doors on all floors (A1): No of Door x Leakage area around Door
  • Total leakage area all doors on all floors (A1):26 x 0.01
  • Total leakage area all doors on all floors (A1):0.26 m2

(2) Leakages through lift Doors, Shafts, Vents

(a) Leakage through Lift Shaft:

  • Lift Shaft Wall Perimeter = 2 x (Lift Shaft Width + Lift Shaft Length)
  • Lift Shaft Wall Perimeter =2 x (3.6+3.6)
  • Lift Shaft Wall Perimeter =14.4 Meter
  • Leakage Area through Lift Shaft = Lift Shaft Perimeter x Lift Shaft Height
  • Leakage Area through Lift Shaft =14.4 x 45
  • Leakage Area through Lift Shaft =648.8 Meter
  • Leakage Area Ratio for Lift Shaft: (A/Aw) =0.00084 as per NFPA 92A

Typical Leakage Area for Walls & Floors for Commercial Buildings (NFPA-92A)

Construction

Wall Tightness

Area Ratio

Exterior Building Wall (Including Construction Cracks but not around window & doors)

Tight

0.00005

Average

0.00017

Loose

0.00035

Very Loose

0.0012

Staircase Wall (Including Construction Cracks but not around window & doors)

Tight

0.000014

Average

0.00011

Loose

0.00035

Lift Shaft Wall (Including Construction Cracks but not around window & doors)

Tight

0.00018

Average

0.00084

Loose

0.0018

Floor (Including Construction Cracks but not around window & doors)

Tight

0.0000066

Average

0.000052

Loose

0.00017
  • Effective leakage Area (a)= Leakage Area Ratio for Lift Shaft x Leakage Area through Lift Shaft.
  • Effective leakage Area (a)= 0.00084 x 648.8
  • Effective leakage Area (a)=0.544 m2

(b) Leakages through Lift doors

  • No of Lift Door =17 Nos
  • Leakage Area around the Lift Door as per BS:5588 = 0.06m2
  • Leakage area around lift doors (b): No of Lift Door x Leakage around Lift Door
  • Leakage area around lift doors (b): 17 x 0.06
  • Leakage area around lift doors (b): 1.020 m2

(c) Leakage through Vent at the head of the shaft

  • Vent Window Area (At the head of the shaft)(c) = Vent window width x Vent window height
  • Vent Window Area (At the head of the shaft) (c) = 0.320 x 0.320
  • Vent Window Area (At the head of the shaft) (c) =0.102
  • Total Leakage Area (A2) = (a)+(b)+(c)
  • Total Leakage Area (A2) = 0.544+1.020+0.102
  • Total Leakage Area(A2) =1.667 m2
  • Effective Leakage Area (Ae)= A1 x A2 / (A12 + A22)0.5
  • Effective Leakage Area (Ae)= 0.26 x 1.667 / (0.26 + 1.667) 0.5
  • Effective Leakage Area (Ae)= 0.257 m2

(4) Open Lift Doors

  • No of Open Lift Door = 2 Nos
  • Lift Door Area = Lift Door Width x Lift Door Height
  • Lift Door Area = 1.0 x 1.2
  • Lift Door Area =2.2 m2
  • Open Lift Door Area = No of Open Lift Door x Lift Door Area
  • Open Lift Door Area = 2 x 2.2
  • Open Lift Door Area = 4.4 m2
  • Velocity through Open Door = 0.75 meter/sec (*As per BS 5588: Part-4)
  • Air Flow through open doors = Air Velocity x Open Lift Door Area
  • Air Flow through open doors = 0.75 x 4.4
  • Air Flow through open doors =3.3 m3/sec

Calculate Air Flow for Lift well Pressurization

  • Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = 0.839 x Ae x (ΔP)1/2
  • Minimum Design Pressure difference for Lift well pressurization (ΔP) = 50pa (*As per BS 5588)
  • Minimum Design Pressure difference for Lift well pressurization (ΔP) = 50pa (*As per NBC 2016)
  • Minimum Design Pressure difference for Lift well pressurization (ΔP) = 10pa (*As per NFPA 92A)
  • Consider Design Pressure difference for Lift well pressurization (ΔP) = 50pa

The pressure difference AS per NBC-2016 (Clause 4.4.2.5)

Enclosed Lobbies (or corridors)

25 to 30 Pa

Lift Shaft

50 Pa

Staircases

50 Pa

Enclosed staircase adjacent to such lobby (or corridors)

50 Pa

Enclosed staircases adjacent to non-pressurized lobby (or corridors)

50 Pa
   

Minimum Design Pressure difference (BS 5588: Part-4)

Type

Building

Air Flow through Door way

Minimum Design Pressure difference

A

Residential or Sheltered House or Building having Three Door Protection

0.75 Meter/Sec

50 Pa

B

Protection of Fire Shaft

2.00 Meter/Sec

50 Pa

C

Commercial Premises

0.75 Meter/Sec

50 Pa

D

Hotels or Institutional Type Building

0.75 Meter/Sec

10 Pa

 

Minimum Design Pressure difference (NFPA-92A, Table:4.4.2.1.1)

Type of Building

Ceiling Height

Minimum Design Pressure difference

Sprinklered

Any

12.5 Pa

Non Sprinklered

2.75 Meter

25.0 Pa

Non Sprinklered

4.58 Meter

35.0 Pa

Non Sprinklered

6.41 Meter

45.0 Pa
  •  Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = 0.839 x 0.257 x (50)1/2
  • Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = 1.508 m3/sec
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization+ Air Flow through open doors
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = 1.508 + 3.3
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = 4.8 m3/sec
  • Consider Safety Factor =10 %
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization = 4.8 x 1.1
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization =5.288 m3/Sec
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization =5.288 x 2118.88
  • Total Air Flow for Lift Well Pressurization =11206 CFM

Conclusion:

  • Capacity of Lift Well Pressurization Fan = 11206 CFM

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