Electrical Notes & Articles

Quick Reference-Lift / Service Duct / HVAC / Sub Station

May 31, 2024 Leave a comment

LIFTS
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
Head	Clause	Description
LIFTS	7.10.a	Provision of the lifts shall be made for all multi- storied building having a height of 15.0 m. and above.
	7.10. b	Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire service to ground the lift car in case of emergency shall also be provided.
	7.10.c	The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery be installed in it.
Lift Enclosure	7.10.1.a	Walls of lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of two hours. Lift shafts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than 0.2 sq m.
	7.10.1.c	Landing door in lift enclosures shall have a fire resistance of not less than one hour.
	7.10.1.d	The number of lifts in one lift bank shall not exceed four. A wall of two hours fire rating shall separate individual shafts in a bank.
	7.10.1.e	Lift car door shall have a fire resistance rating of 1 hour.
	7.10.1.f	For buildings 15.0 m. and above in height, collapsible gates shall not be permitted for lifts and solid doors with fire resistance of at least one hour shall be provided.
	7.10.1.g	If the lift shaft and lobby is in the core of the building a positive pressure between 25 and 30 pa shall be maintained in the lobby and a possible pressure of 50 pa shall be maintained in the lift shaft. The mechanism for the pressurization shall act automatically with the fire alarm/sprinkler system and it shall be possible to operate this mechanically also.
	7.10.1.h	Exit from the lift lobby, if located in the core of the building, shall be through a self-closing fire smoke check door of one-hour fire resistance.
	7.10.1.i	Lift shall not normally communicate with the basement. If however, lifts are in communication, the lift lobby of the basement shall be pressurized
	7.10.1.k	Telephone/talk back communication facilities may be provided in lift cars for communication system and lifts shall be connected to the fire control room of the building.
	7.10.1.l	Suitable arrangements such as providing slope in the floor of the lift lobby shall be made to prevent water used during fire fighting, etc at any landing from entering the lift shafts.
	7.10.1.m	A sign shall be posted and maintained on every floor at or near the lift indicating that in case of fire, occupants shall use the stairs unless instructed otherwise. The sign shall also contain a plan for each floor showing the location of the stairways. Floor marking shall be done at each floor on the wall in front of the lift-landing door.
	7.10.1.n	Alternate power supply shall be provided in all the lifts.
Fire Lift	7.10.2.b	The lift shall have a floor area of not less than 1.4 sq.mt. It shall have a loading capacity of not less than 545 kg. (8 persons lift) with automatic closing doors
	7.10.2.c	The electric supply shall be on a separate service from electric supply mains in a building and the cables run in a route safe from fire, that is within a lift shaft. Lights and fans in the elevator having wooden paneling or sheet steel construction shall be operated on 24-volt supply.
	7.10.2.d	In case of failure of normal electric supply, it shall automatically switchover to the alternate supply. For apartment houses, this changeover of supply could be done through manually operated changeover switch. Alternatively, the lift should be so wired that in case of power failure, it comes down at the ground level and comes to stand still with door open.
	7.10.2.f	The words ‘F1RE LIFT’ shall be conspicuously displayed in fluorescent paint on the lift landing doors at each floor level.
	7.10.2.g	The speed of the fire lift shall be such that it can reach to the top floor from ground level within one minute.

SERVICE DUCTS
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
Head	Clause	Description
SERVICE DUCTS	7.13.a	Service duct shall be enclosed by walls and door, if any, of 2 hours fire rating. If ducts are larger than 10 sq m. the floor should seal them, but provide suitable opening for the pipes to pass through, with the gaps sealed.
SERVICE DUCTS	7.13.b	A vent opening at the top of the service shaft shall be provided between one-fourth and one-half of the area of the shaft
ELECTRICAL SERVICES	7.14.a	The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in a separate duct shall be sealed at every floor with non-combustible material having the same fire resistance as that of the duct. Low and medium voltage wiring running in shaft and in false ceiling shall run in separate conduits.
	7.14.b	Water mains, telephone wires, inter-com lines, gas pipes or any other service lines shall not be laid in ducts for electric cables.
	7.14.c	Separate conduits for water pumps, lifts, staircases and corridor lighting and blowers for pressuring system shall be directly from the main switch panel and these circuits shall be laid in separate conduit pipes, so that fire in one circuit will not affect the others. Master switches controlling essential service circuits shall be clearly labelled.
	7.14.d	The inspection panel doors and any other opening in the shaft shall be provided with airtight fire doors having fire resistance of not less then 1 hour.
	7.14.e	Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts, and within false ceiling shall run in metal conduits. Any 230 voltage wiring for lighting or other services, above false ceiling should have 660V grade insulation. The false ceiling including all fixtures used for its suspension shall be of non-combustible material.
	7.14.f	An independent and well-ventilated service room shall be provided on the ground floor with direct access from outside or from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electrical supply from the licenses service and alternative supply cables. The doors provided for the service room shall have fire resistance of not less than 1 hour
STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR LIGHTS	7.15	The staircase and corridor lighting shall be on separate circuits and shall be independently connected so that it could be operated by one switch installation on the ground floor easily accessible to fire fighting staff at any time irrespective of the position of the individual control of the light points, if any.
	7.15.a	Staircase and corridor lighting shall also be connected to alternate source of power supply.
	7.15.b	Emergency lights shall be provided in the staircase and corridor.

AIR-CONDITIONING
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
Head	Clause	Description
AIR-CONDITIONING	7.16.b	Air -Conditioning systems circulating air to more than one floor area should be provided with dampers designed to close automatically in case of fire and thereby prevent spread of fire or smoke. Such a system should also be provided with automatic controls to stop fans in case of fire,
	7.16.c	Air- conditioning system serving large places of assembly (over one thousand persons), large departmental stores, or hostels with over 100 rooms in a single block should be provided with effective means for preventing circulation of smoke through the system in the case of fire in air filters or from other sources drawn into the system even though there is insufficient heat to actuate heat smoke sensitive devices controlling fans or dampers. Such means shall consist of approved effective smoke sensitive controls.
	7.16.1.a	Escape routes like staircase, common corridors, lift lobbies; etc should not be used as return air passage.
	7.16.1.b	The ducting should be constructed of metal in accordance with BIS 655:1963
	7.16.1.c	c) Wherever the ducts pass through fire walls or floor, the opening around the ducts should be sealed with fire resisting material of same rating as of walls / floors.
	7.16.1.d	d) Metallic ducts should be used even for the return air instead of space above the false ceiling.
	7.16.1.e	e) The material used for insulating the duct system (inside or outside) should be of flame resistant (IS 4355: 1977) and non- conductor of heat.
	7.16.1.f	Area more than 750 sq m. on individual floor should be segregated by a firewall and automatic fire dampers for isolation should be provided.
	7.16.1.h	In case of buildings more than 24 m. in height, in non-ventilated lobbies, corridors, smoke extraction shaft should be provided.

SAFETY MEASURES IN ELECTRIC SUB-STATION
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
Head	Clause	Description
SAFETY MEASURES IN ELECTRIC SUB-STATION	7.19.1	Clear independent approach to the sub-station from outside the building shall be made available round the clock
	7.19.2	The approaches/corridors to the sub-station area shall be kept clear for movement of men and material at all times.
	7.19.5	Cable trenches of 0.6 m. X 0.6 m. dummy floor of 0.6 mt. depth shall be provided to facilitate laying of cable inside the building for connecting to the equipment.
	7.19.6	Steel shutters of 8’X 8’ with suitable grills shall be provided for transformers and sub-station room.
	7.19.7	The floor of the sub-station should be capable of carrying 10 tons of transformer weight on wheels.
	7.19.9	Sub-station space should be clear from any water, sewer, air conditioning, and gas pipe or telephone services. No other service should pass through the sub station space or the cable trenches.
	7.19.10	Proper ramp with suitable slope may be provided for loading and unloading of the equipment and proper approach will be provided.
	7.19.11	RCC pipes at suitable places as required will be provided for the cable entries to the sub station space and making suitable arrangement for non-ingress of water through these pipes
	7.19.14	Adequate arrangement for fixing chain pulley block above the fixing be available for load of 15 tons.
	7.19.16	Arrangement should be made for the provision of fire retardent cables so as to avoid chances of spread of fire in the sub-station building.
	7.19.17	Sufficient pumping arrangement should exist for pumping the water out, in case of fire so as to ensure minimum loss to the switchgear and transformer.
	7.19.18	No combustible material should be stacked inside the substation premises or in the vicinity to avoid chances of fire.
	7.19.19	The sub-station must not be located below the 1st basement and above the ground floor.
	7.19.21	The sub station space should be totally segregated from the other areas of the basement by fire resisting wall. The ramp should have a slope of 1 : 10 with entry from ground level. The entire Sub-station space including the entrance at ground floor be handed over to the licensee of electricity free of cost and rent.
	7.19.22	The sub-station area shall have a clear height of 12 feet (3.65 m.) below beams. Further the Sub-station area will have level above the rest of basement level by 2 feet.
	7.19.23	It is to be ensured that the Sub-station area is free of seepage / leakage of water.
	7.19.26	The Sub-station should be located on periphery /sub basement and (not above ground floor).
	7.19.27	Additional exit shall be provided if travel distance from farthest corner to ramp is more than l5 m.
	7.19.28	Perfect independent vent system 30 air changes per hour linked with detection as well as automatic high velocity water spray system shall be provided.
	7.19.29	All the transformers shall be protected with high velocity water spray system / Nitrogen Injection System Carbon Dioxide total flooding system in case of oil filled transformer. In addition to this, manual control of auto high velocity spray system for individual transformers shall be located outside the building at ground floor.
	7.19.34	Cable trenches shall be filled with sand
	7.19.35	Party walls shall be provided between two transformers as per the rules.
	7.19.36	Electric control panels shall be segregated.
	7.19.37	Exits from basement electric substation shall have self-closing fire smoke check doors of 2-hours fire rating near entry to ramp.

Filed under Uncategorized Tagged with duct, hvac, lift, service, SUB STATION

Calculate Size of Anchor Fastener for Cable Tray Support.

April 28, 2024 1 Comment

Calculate Size of Anchor fastener for Cable Tray Support having following Details

CABLE TRAY DETAIL:
Size of Cable Tray=600mm Ladder Type Cable Tray
Weight of Cable Tray=120 kg/meter
CABLE DETAILS (LAID IN CABLE TRAY)
Size of Cable =3.5Cx300 Sq.mm, Alu, XLPE, Armored Cable
No of Cable / Cable tray= 6 No’s
Weight of Cable = 5.9 Kg/meter
Size of Cable =3.5Cx150 Sq.mm, Alu, XLPE, Armored Cable
No of Cable / Cable tray= 2 No’s
Weight of Cable = 4.5 Kg/meter.
CABLE TRAY SUPPORT DETAILS
Cable Tray Support installed at 1 Meter of Cable Tray
Weight of Cable Tray Support =5.8 Kg/meter
Safety Factor=5

CALCULATIONS

Weight of Cable Tray Support = No of Support X Weight of Support
Weight of Cable Tray Support =1×5.8 Kg/Meter
Weight of Cable Tray Support =5.8 Kg/Meter———(A)
Weight of Cable Tray = No of Cable Tray X Weight of Tray
Weight of Cable Tray =1×120
Weight of Cable Tray =120 Kg/Meter———(B)
Weight of 3.5Cx300 Sq.mm Cable = No of Cable X Weight of Cable
Weight of 3.5Cx300 Sq.mm Cable =6×5.9
Weight of 3.5Cx300 Sq.mm Cable =35.4 Kg/Meter———(C1)
Weight of 3.5Cx150 Sq.mm Cable = No of Cable X Weight of Cable
Weight of 3.5Cx150 Sq.mm Cable =2×4.5
Weight of 3.5Cx150 Sq.mm Cable =9 Kg/Meter———(C2)
Total Weight =Safety Factor X (Weight of Cable Tray support + Weight of Cable Tray + Weight of Cables)
Total Weight =5X (5.8+120+35.4+9) Kg/Meter
Total Weight=851 Kg/Meter—————–(1)
Consider 4 No of 10mm size of Anchor Fastener having Basic Tensile Load Capacity of 5KN at each Support.
Total Tensile Load= No of Anchor Fastener X 101.97XAnchor Tensile Load Capacity (KN)
Total Tensile Load=4×101.97×5
Total Tensile Load=1876 Kg/Meter————(2)

Here Total Tensile Load Capacity of Anchor Fastener (1876 Kg/Meter) > Total Weight (851 Kg/Meter) hence Size of Anchor Fastener is OK

Filed under Uncategorized Tagged with duct, hvac, lift, service, SUB STATION

EV CHARGING

March 24, 2024 Leave a comment

Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply)-2010
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (Chapter XI-11.7)
Public Charging Stations	Private charging at residences offices shall be permitted. Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) may facilitate the same.
Public Charging Stations	Public Charging Stations (PCS) shall be a de-licensed activity and any individual/entity is free to set up public charging stations provided that, such stations meet the technical, safety as well as performance standards and protocols laid down below as well as any further norms standards specifications laid down by Ministry of Power and Central Electricity Authority (CEA) from time to time.
PROTECTION	All electric vehicle charging stations shall be provided with protection against the overload of input supply and output supply fittings.
	The electric vehicle charging station shall be equipped with a protective device against the uncontrolled reverse power flow from vehicle.
	Suitable lightning protection system shall be provided for the electric vehicles charging stations as per Indian Standards Code IS/ IEC 62305.
	A cord extension set or second supply lead shall not be used in addition to the supply lead for the connection of the electric vehicle to the electric vehicle charging point and it shall be so constructed so that it cannot be used as a cord extension set.
	An adaptor shall not be used to connect a vehicle connector to a vehicle inlet.
HEIGHT	All electric vehicle charging points shall be installed so that any socket-outlet of supply is at least 800 MM above the finished ground level.
AREA	The electric vehicle parking place shall be such that the connection on the vehicle when parked for charging shall be within 5 meters from the electric vehicle charging point.
AREA	Portable socket-outlets are not permitted to be used for electric vehicle charging.
D.C Charging	A vehicle connector used for Direct Current (D.C.) charging shall be locked on a vehicle inlet if the voltage is higher than 60 V D.C. and the vehicle connector shall not be unlocked (if the locking mechanism is engaged) when hazardous voltage is detected through charging process including after the end of charging and in case of charging system malfunction, a means for safe disconnection shall be provided.
	The Direct Current (D.C.) electric vehicle charging point shall disconnect supply of electricity to prevent overvoltage at the battery, if output voltage exceeds maximum voltage limit sent by the vehicle.
	The electric vehicle charging points shall not energize the charging cable when the vehicle connector is unlocked and the voltage at which the vehicle connector unlocks shall be lower than 60V.
Earth protection system for charging stations.	All Residual current device for the protection of supplies for electric vehicle shall
	(a) have a residual operating current of not greater than 30 Ma
	(b) interrupt all live conductors, including the neutral
	(c) have a performance at least equal to Type A and be in conformity with IS 732-2018.
	Each electric vehicle charging points shall be supplied individually by a dedicated final sub-circuit protected by an overcurrent protective device complying with IEC 60947-2, IEC 60947-6-2 or the IEC 60269 series and the overcurrent protective device shall be part of a switchboard.
	All electric vehicle charging stations shall be supplied from a sub-circuit protected by a voltage independent residual current device and also providing personal protection that is compatible with a charging supply for an electric vehicle.
	All electric vehicle charging stations shall be provided with an earth continuity monitoring system that disconnects the supply in the event that the earthing connection to the vehicle becomes ineffective.
	A protective earth conductor shall be provided to establish an equipotential connection between the earth terminal of the supply and the conductive parts of the vehicle which shall be of sufficient rating to satisfy the requirements of IEC 60364-5-54.
Fire Fighting System in electric vehicle charging stations	Enclosure of charging stations shall be made of fire retardant material with self-extinguishing property and free from Halogen.
	Fire detection, alarm and control system shall be provided as per relevant Indian Standards.
	Power supply cables used in charging station or charging points shall conform to IEC 62893-1 and its
Testing of charging stations	All apparatus of charging stations shall have the insulation resistance value as stipulated in the relevant IEC 61851-1.
Inspection and periodic assessment of charging stations.	Every charging station shall be tested and inspected by the owner or the Electrical Inspector or Chartered Electrical Safety Engineer before energization of charging stations.
	The owner of the charging station shall ensure that test and inspection of charging station is being carry out every year in the initial period
MAINTENANCE RECORDS	The owner of the charging station shall keep records in regard to design, construction and labelling to be compatible with a supply of standard voltage at a nominal frequency of 50 Hertz of the charging station.
	The owner of the charging station shall keep records of the relevant test certificate as indicated in these regulations and as per IEC 61851.
	The owner of the charging station shall keep records of the results of every inspection, testing and periodic assessment and details of any issues observed during the assessment and any actions required to be taken in relation to those issues.

Model Building Bye-Laws, 2016
10.4 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (EVCI):
No of EV Charging	Based on the occupancy pattern and the total parking provisions in the premises of the various building types, charging infrastructures shall be provided only for EVs, which is currently assumed to be 20% of all vehicle holding capacity (including 2Wheelers and PVs(Cars)) / Parking capacity at the premise.
Residential Buildings (Plotted house)	Charging Infrastructure	individual house/ self-use
	Ownership of Station	Private (Owner)
	Connection / Metering	Domestic Meter
	Type of Charging	Slow Charger
	Mode of Charging	A.C (Single Phase Gun)
	Norms of Provision	Min. 1 SC and additional Provisions as per the owner individual.
All other buildings (including Group Housing)	Charging Infrastructure	PCS (commercial use)
	Ownership of Station	Service provider
	Connection / Metering	Commercial Metering and Payment
	Type of Charging	As per min. requirements specified in MoP Guidelines
	Mode of Charging	A.C or D.C
	Norms of Provision	4Wheeles =1 SC for each 3 Evs / 1 FC for each 10EVs
		3Wheeles =1 SC for each 2 Evs
		2Wheeles =1 SC for each 2 Evs
		PV (Buses) =1 FC for each 10 EVs

Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles (EV) -Guidelines & Standards (No.12/2/2018-EV)
Electric Vehicle Chargers Guidelines
CHARGER TYPE	CHRGER CONNECTION	RATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE	NO OF CONNECTOR GUNS (CG)	CHARGING VEHICLE TYPE
FAST	COMBINE CHARGING SYSTEM (CCS) (Min 50KW)	200V to 700V or Higher	1CG	4 Wheelers
	CHArge de Move, (CHAdeMO) (Min 50KW)	200V to 500V or Higher	1CG	4 Wheelers
	Type-2 AC (Min 22KW)	380V to 415V	1CG	4 Wheelers, 3 Wheelers, 2 Wheelers
SLOW / MODERATE	Bharat DC-001 (15KW)	48V	1CG	4 Wheelers, 3 Wheelers, 2 Wheelers
	Bharat DC-001 (15KW)	72V or Higher	1CG	4 Wheelers, 3 Wheelers, 2 Wheelers
	Bharat AC-001 (10KW)	230V	3CG of 3.3KW each	4 Wheelers, 3 Wheelers, 2 Wheelers
Charging Station for e-two/three wheelers shall be free to install any charger other than those specified above subject to compliance of technical & safety standards as laid down by CEA.

Indian Standards EV Charging notified by BIS of 01.11.2021
CHARGER	LEVEL / POWER	CHARGING DEVICE / PROTOCOL	EV-EVSE Communication	Charge Point Plug/ Socket	VEHICLE INLET / CONNECTOR
Light EV AC Charge Point	Level 1 (Up to 7 KW)	IS-17017-22-1	Bluetooth Low Energy	IS-60309	As per EV manufacturer
Light EV DC Charge Point	Level 1 (Up to 7 KW)	IS-17017-25 [CAN]	IS-17017-25 [CAN]	Combined Socket under development	IS-17017-2-6
Park bay AC Charge Point	Level 2 (Normal Power to 1 kW / 22 Kw)	IS-17017-1	IS-15118 [PLC] for Smart Charging	IS-17017-2-2	IS-17017-2-2
Park bay DC Charge Point	Level 2 ( Normal Power to 1 kW/ 22 Kw)	IS-17017-23	IS-17017-24 [CAN] IS-15118 [PLC]	IS-17017-2-2	IS-17017-2-2
DC Charging Protocol	Level 3 (DC 50 kW to 250 Kw)	IS-17017-23	IS-17017-24 [CAN] IS-15118 [PLC]		IS-17017-2-3
eBus Charging Station (Dual Gun Charging Station)	Level 4 (DC High Power (250 kW > 500 kW))	IS-17017-23-2	IS-15118 [PLC]		IS-17017-2-3
eBus Charging Station (Automated Pantograph Charging Station)	Level 4 (DC High Power (250 kW > 500 kW))	IS-17017-3-1	IS-15118 [PLC]		IS-17017-3-2

EVSE POWER RATINGS
NITI AYOG (TABLE-2)
TYPE OF CHARGING	POWER LEVEL	CURRENT TYPE	COMPATIBLE EV SEGMENTS
Normal power charging	P<=7 KW	AC & DC	E-2 Wheelers, E-3 Wheelers, E-Cars, other LCVs (up to 1 ton)
	7 KW < P <= 22 KW	AC & DC
High power charging	22 KW < P <= 50 KW	DC	E-Cars, LCVs and MCVs (1-6 tons)
	50 KW < P <= 200 KW	DC

Filed under Uncategorized

Electrical Abstract-Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023

February 20, 2024 1 Comment

Electrical Clause (Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023)
Clause	Head	Description
17 /18	Electrical Duct:	Buildings Height more than 15 meters up to 70 meters: Electrical duct should have sealed metal doors with metal frame or fire rated doors at each floor level. Opening of the duct shall be from basement to terrace level.
15.3 / 17 /18 /19	Electrical Installations	Buildings of Height up to 45 meters: Electric cable/wires used shall be of 700 volts grading with Mechanical circuit breaker and earth Leak Circuit Breaker (MCB and ELCB).
		Buildings of Height more than 15 meters up to 70 meters: Electric cable/wires used shall be of 900 volts grading with Mechanical circuit breaker and earth Leak Circuit Breaker (MCB and ELCB).
		Buildings of Height more than 15 meters up to 70 meters: Electrical Installations from Fire Safety point of view shall comply with IS-1646. Use of fire resistance cables and wires.
15.31	Electrical Installations	Buildings of Height more than 15 meters up to 70 meters: Separate uninterrupted standalone power supply shall be provided for emergency services, which includes Fire Pump, Sprinkler Pump, Fire Lift, Staircase Lighting.
15.23	Sub-Stations	The sub-station shall have separate fire resisting walls / surroundings and shall necessarily be located at the periphery of the floor having separate access preferably from fire escape staircase.
		The outside walls, ceiling and floor including doors and windows to the sub-station area shall be of 2 hours fire rating.
		Oil Filled Equipment at Basement: A sub-station or a switch-station with oil- filled equipment must not be located in the building. When housed inside the building, The transformer shall be of premises by walls/doors/cut outs having Fire Resistance rating of 4 hours.
		The Sub-Station area needs to be maintained at negative air pressure and area in substation shall not be used as storage/dump areas.
		Transformer in Building Area: No transformer shall be allowed inside the building.
		Substation to be provided at rear corner of a building unit after leaving enough open space around the building for firefighting requirements
15.11	Electrical Services:	Back up Supply: Electric supply for fire pump/fire lift shall be provided separately and not get switched off along with the main supply of building.
		Fire Retardant Sealant: The electric distribution cable/wiring shall be laid in a separate duct. The duct shall be sealed at every floor with non-combustible materials having the same fire resistance as that of the duct.
		Separate Conduit: Low and medium voltage wiring running in shaft and in false ceiling shall run in separate conduits.
		Separate Circuit: Separate circuits for firefighting pumps, lifts, staircases, corridor lighting and blowers for pressurizing system shall be provided directly from the main switch gear panel and these circuits shall be laid in separate conduit pipes, so that fire in one circuit will not affect the others. Such circuits shall be protected at origin by an automatic circuit breaker with its no- volt coil removed. Master switches controlling essential service circuits shall be clearly labelled.
		Electrical Room: An independent and well-ventilated electrical service room shall be provided on the ground level or first basement with direct access from outside or from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electric supply from the licensees’ service and alternative supply cables.
		Fire Door: The doors provided for the Service Room shall have fire resistance of not less than 2 hours
		Electrical Room at Basement: If service room is located at the first basement, it should have automatic fire extinguishing system
15.20	Service Ducts/Shafts	Fire Door : Electrical Shafts / Ducts shall have not less than 2 hours fire resistance and for other services shafts/ducts, the fire resistance shall be not less than 1 hour.
		Fire Retardant Sealant: All such ducts/ shafts shall be properly sealed and fire stopped at all floor levels
		Opening at Terrace: A vent opening at the top of the service shaft shall be provided having between one – fourth and one half of the area of the shaft.
		Refuse Cute: Refuse chutes shall have opening at least 1 m above roof level for venting purpose and they shall have an enclosure wall of non-combustible material with fire resistance of not less than 2 hours. They shall not be located within the staircase enclosure or service shafts, or air-conditioning shafts. Inspection panel and doors shall be tight fitting with1 hour fire resistance; the chutes should be as far away as possible from exits.
15.5	Exit Door / Exit Area Illumination	Exit Signage: Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach the exits shall be clearly marked and signs posted to guide the occupants of the floor concerned. Signs shall be illuminated. and wired to an independent electrical circuit on an alternative Source of supply. The color of the exit signs shall be green.
		Illumination of Exit Area: The floors of area covered for the means of exit shall be illuminated to values not less than 1 ft candle (10 lux) at floor level. In auditoriums, theatres, concert halls and such other places of assembly, the illumination of floor exit/ access may be reduced during period of performances to value not less than 1/5 ft candle (2 lux)
		Exit Door: Fire doors with 2-hour fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route and particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stairwell where a funnel or flue effect may be created, inducing an upward spread of fire and smoke.
15.5	Illumination of Staircase / Corridor:	Separate Circuit: The staircase and corridor lighting shall be the separate circuits and shall be independently connected so that they could be operated by one switch installation on the ground floor easily accessible to firefighting staff at any time irrespective of the position of the individual control of the light points, if any. It should be miniature circuit breaker type of switch so as to avoid replacement of Fuse in case of crisis.
15.5	Illumination of Staircase / Corridor:	Back up Supply: Staircase and corridor lighting shall also be connected to alternative supply. The alternative source of supply may be provided by battery continuously trickle charged from the electric mains; and Suitable arrangement shall be made by installing double throw switches to ensure that the lighting installed in the staircase and the corridor does not get connected. Double throw switch shall be installed in the service room for tenanting the stand- by supply.
15.15	Emergency and escape lighting	The Emergency lighting shall be provided to be put on within 5 second of the failure if the normal lighting supply and shall be of independent of main supply.
		Escape lighting luminaries should be sited to cover the following locations: a) At each exit door, b) Near each staircase so that each flight of stairs receives direct light, c) Near any other change of floor level, d) Outside each final exit and close to it, e) Near each fire alarm call point, f) Near firefighting equipment and, g) To illuminate exit and safety signs as required by the enforcing authority.
		Mounting Height: The luminaries shall be mounted as low as possible, but at least 2 meter above the floor level.
		Emergency lighting systems shall be designed to ensure that a fault or failure in any one luminary does not further reduce the effectiveness of the system.
		The emergency lighting system shall be capable of continuous operation for a minimum duration of 1 hour and 30 minutes.
15.4	Elevators (Lifts) / Escalators	Building Height more than 13 Meter: Lift shall be provided. Lift shall have all the provision of fire life as specified in the National building code of India.
		Building Height more than 21 Meter: At least Two Lifts shall be provided. From these lifts at least one of them shall be designed as fire lift as specified in National building code of India.
		No of Lift: Lift shall be provided at the rate of one lift for 30 dwelling units of all the floors, or part thereof for residential buildings and at the rate of one lift per 1200 Sq. meters. or part thereof of built up area for non-residential buildings.
		Lift Dimensions: Minimum internal dimensions for passenger lifts shall be 1500 mm x 1500mm. A clear landing area in front of the lift doors shall be 1800mm x 1800mm and the clear opening width of the doors shall be of minimum 900 mm. A handrail of 600 mm length at 1000 mm height from the floor shall be provided.
		Door Closing Speed: The time of an automatically closing door should be min 5 seconds and the closing speed should not exceed 0.25 meter/sec.
		Floor Indication: The interior of the cage shall be provided with a device that audibly indicates the floor the cage has reached and indicates that the door of the cage for entrance/exit is either open or closed.
15.26	Fire Lifts	No of Fire Lift: Each building should have at least one lift as a Fire- lift and if the building is divided into two or more parts then each part should have a Fire-lift.
		No of Fire Lift: To enable fire services personnel to reach the upper floors with the minimum delay, one fire lift per 1200 Sq. Meter of floor area shall be provided and shall be available for the exclusive use of the firemen in an emergency.
		Lift Speed: The speed of the fire lift shall be such that it can reach the top floor from ground level within one minute.
		Lift Dimension: The life Floor area of not less than 1.4 sq. meter It shall have loaded capacity of not less than 545 KG (8 persons lift) with automatic closing doors of minimum 0.8m width.
		The electric supply shall be on a separate service from electric supply mains in a building and the cables run in a route safe from fire, that is, within the lift shaft. Lights and fans in the elevators having wooden paneling or sheet steel construction shall be operated on 24-volt supply.
		Ceiling Hatch : Firefighting lift should be provided with a ceiling hatch for use in case of emergency
		Standby Power Supply: In case of failure of normal electric supply, it shall automatically change over to alternate supply. For apartment houses, this changeover of supply could be done through manually operated changeover switch.
		Automatic Rescue Device: the lift shall be so wired that in case of power failure, it comes down at the ground level and comes to stand-still with door open.
		Fire Switch :The operation of fire lift should be by a simple toggle or two -button switch situated in glass fronted box adjacent to the lift at the entrance level. When the switch is on, landing call points will become inoperative and the lift will be on car control only or on a priority control device. When the switch is off, the lift can be used by the occupants in normal times.
		Lift Well Pressurization: Lift-well should have blowers to pressurize the lift-well so connected that it will automatically operate when alarm call point is operated, so that it prevents the lift well getting smoke logged.
		Signages: The words ‘Fire Lift’ shall be conspicuously displayed in fluorescent paint on the lift landing door at each floor level
		Buildings of Height more than 45 meters up to 70 meters: One fire lift for each 1200 sq. meter area of floor area on each level (Fire lift otherwise can be used as a common passenger lift).
		Buildings of Height more than 45 meters up to 70 meters: All lifts of the building shall be Fire lifts and shall have a provision to ground in case of electrical failure and shall be installed with a panic button and a talk-back system. The lift shall not be installed in the center of the building and the lift shaft shall be ventilated from the top with smoke extractors. The lift for the higher floors shall end at the ground level and not go to the basement

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Quick Reference -Fire Fighting (Part-6)

January 22, 2024 3 Comments

Fire Fighting Clause (As per Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Measures Regulations, 2023)
Clause	Head	Description
15.5.3	External Stairs:	The external stairs shall be constructed of non- combustible materials and any doorway leading to it shall have the required fire resistance.
		No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater than 45° from the horizontal.
		External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm wide with 250 mm treads and risers not more than 190 mm. The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight.
		Handrail s shall be of height not less than 700 mm and not exceeding 850 – 900 mm. There shall be provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm.
15.5.4	Horizontal Exit Door:	A horizontal exit shall be equipped with at least one fire/smoke door of minimum 2 hour fire resistance of self-closing type. Further, it should have direct connectivity to the fire escape staircase for evacuation.
15.5.4	Horizontal Exit Door:	Doors in horizontal exits shall be open able at all times from both side
15.5.7	Exit Door ways	Size: No exit doorway shall be less than 1000 mm in width except assembly buildings where door width shall be not less than 2000 mm.
		Height: All doorways shall be not less than 2000 mm in heigh
		Opening Direction: Exit doorways shall open outwards, that is, away from the room, but shall not obstruct the travel along any exit. No door, when opened, shall reduce the required width of stairway or landing to less than 900 mm. Overhead or sliding doors shall not be installed.
		Exit door shall not open immediately upon a flight of stairs. A-landing equal to at least the width of the door (not less than 900mm) shall be provided in the stairway at each doorway,
		The level of landing shall be the same as that of floor, which it serves. Manual door should incorporate kick plate 300 mm high to withstand impact of wheelchair footrest where doors are glazed. Door handle and locks should be positioned between 900-1000 mm from floor level.
		Mirror: Mirrors shall not be placed in exit doors to avoid confusion regarding the direction of exit.
15.9	Corridors / Passageways & Stairs Case	Flight: No flight shall contain more than 12 to 16 risers, but in residential buildings, in narrow plots and in high density Housing a single flight staircase may be permitted.
		Risers: The maximum height of a riser shall be 190mm. in a residential building and 16 cm. in any other occupancy. However, on an internal stairway within a dwelling unit a riser may be 25 cm high.
		Head room: The minimum head room in a passage under the landing of a staircase under the staircase shall be 2.2 meter.
		Tread Width: The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for internal staircase of residential buildings, other than fire escapes. This shall be 300 mm for assembly, hotels, educational, institutional, business and other buildings. The treads be constructed and maintained in a manner to prevent slipping.
		Hand Rail: Hand rail a minimum height of 0.9 meter from the center of the tread shall be provided.
		Floor indicator: The number of each floor shall be conspicuously painted in figures at least 15 cm large on the wall facing the fight of a stairway or at such suitable place as is distinctly visible from the fights.
		No Provision of Natural Ventilation : In case of any building having height more than 15 Meter and no provision of natural ventilation on either side of corridor, in such building, smoke exhaust system having make-up air and exhaust air system or alternatively, pressurization system with supply air system shall be required for the exit access corridors
15.8	Internal /Additional Staircases	Around Lift Shaft: A staircase shall not be provided around a lift shaft unless provided with fire stop door of 1 hour rating at every floor level and no other openings in the inside walls
		NO Services pass from Staircase: No gas piping, electrical panels& appliances or AC ducts shall be allowed in the stairway. However, service shafts/ ducts may be permitted. Electrical Shafts/ ducts shall have not less than2-hour fire resistance. For other service shafts/ ducts, the fire resistance shall be not less than 1 hour.
		Electrical Meter: Electric meters shall not be located below the staircase or along the exit route. Electric meters room shall be adequately ventilated & easily accessible
		Cooler Band : All steps, edges must have a contrasting color band of 50 mm width stretched entirely across the step width for uses other than residential use.
		Hand Rail: Continuous handrails shall be provided on both sides including the wall (if any) at two levels: upper at 850 mm – 900 mm and lower at 700 mm to be measured from the base of the middle of the treads to the top of handrails. Balusters/ Railing shall be provided in such a way that the width of staircase does not reduce. The maximum gap between balusters shall be 150 mm.
		Min Head Room: The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and the stair shall be 2.2 meter.
		Lift Opening: Lifts shall not open in staircase.
		Single Staircase: In case of single staircase, it shall terminate at the ground floor level and the access to the basement shall be by a separate staircase.
		Exit Signages: The exit way with arrow indicating the way to the escape route shall be provided at a height of 1.8 meter from the floor level on the wall and shall be illuminated by electric light connected to corridor circuits. All exit way marking signs should be flush with the wall and so designed that no mechanical damage shall occur to them due to moving of furniture or other heavy – equipment. Further,
		Landing Floor Signages: All landings of floor shall have floor indicating the number of floors as per byelaws. The floor indication board shall be placed on the wall immediately facing the flight of stairs and nearest to the landing. It shall be of size not less than 0.5 m x 0.5 m.
		Width of Staircase: Residential building, Hotel building, educational building, Institutional buildings, (i.e., hospital), Mercantile, business, storage industrial, hazardous, buildings
		Height up to 25 Meter: 1.2 Meter
		Height > 25 Meter: 2 Meter
		Assembly buildings :2 Meter
		External Exit Door: External exit door of staircase enclosure at ground level shall open directly to the open spaces.
17 /18	Staircase	Buildings of Height more than 15 meters up to 25 meters: If the lifts and staircase from higher floors go directly to the basement then this area shall be protected by 1 hour fire resistance construction including fire doors subject to opinion and requirement of local fire authority in specially designed building have to be considered and observed.
		Buildings of Height more than 25 meters up to 45 meters: For Buildings up to 45 meters (excluding parapet wall, lift and stair cabin, OH tank) & each floor area more than 3000 sq. meters– ventilated from two sides/cross ventilated/external staircases connected through a lobby-travel distance not to exceed 25 meters.
		Buildings of Height more than 25 meters up to 45 meters: If the lift and staircase from higher floors go directly to the basements then this area shall be protected by 2 hours fire resistant construction including fire doors.
		Buildings of Height more than 45 meters up to 70 meters: For more than 45 meters (excluding parapet wall, lift and stair cabin, OH tank) & each floor area more than 3000 sq. meters– ventilated from two sides/cross ventilated/external staircases connected through a lobby-travel distance not to exceed 25 meters.
		Buildings of Height more than 45 meters up to 70 meters: Width of staircase shall be 2 meters width for all buildings.
		Buildings of Height more than 45 meters up to 70 meters: The staircase shall be of RCC construction & ventilated and shall be kept open except the parapet wall, all the space above the parapet wall shall be kept open.
15.18	Ventilation:	All enclosures should have openable windows and vents to be opened in case of fire or smoke accumulation.
		Centrally Air Condition: If the floor or the building is centrally air-conditioned then a provision to stop the air handling unit should be provided and it shall be blocked by a damper and the same air duct should act as smoke extractors with the extraction fan switching on automatically, if a fire or smoke is detected
		Ventilation from the Top and Skylight etc.: – Where an open well for light and ventilation, within the space enclosed by a stairway and its landings, is proposed to be provided, the least horizontal dimensions of which are equal to two times the width of the staircase. A ventilating skylight with provided fixed or movable louvers to the satisfaction of the competent Authority. The glazed roof of the skylight shall not be less than 3.7 sq. meters in area. No lift or any other fixture shah be erected in such staircase well.
17 /1 8 /19	Ventilation:	Buildings of Height more than 15 meters up to 70 meters: If a centrally located staircase is provided with pressurization and fire-resistant doors, the central staircase shall be in addition to the ventilated staircases require for the floor area, maintaining the travel distance.
		Buildings of Height more than 45 meters up to 70 meters: The staircase shall be designed/ located at the exterior part of the building. If the staircase is in the center of the building and is not ventilated then a fire escape staircase (fire tower) has to be installed on either side of the building with travel distance not more than 30 meters.
		Ventilation of stair-cases: Every stair case provided under the foregoing clauses shall be lighted and ventilated to the satisfaction of the Authority from an open-air space not less than 1 sq.mt.
		Windows in stair-case Bay: There shall be provided a window or windows of an aggregate area of at least 1.2 sq. meters on each storey in such of the wall of the stair-case room which abuts on such 1 sq.mt. open air space to right and ventilate such staircase.
15.21	Air Conditioning	Return Air: Escape routes like staircases, common corridors, lift lobbies, etc., shall not be used as return air passage.
		Ducting Gauge: The ducting shall be constructed of substantial gauge metal as per IS: 655- Specification for Metal Air Ducts.
		Duct Passing through Floor: Wherever the ducts pass through firewalls or floors, the opening around the ducts shall be sealed with materials having fire resistance rating of the compartment.
		Duct Insulation Material :The materials used for insulating the duct system (inside or outside) shall be of non-combustible material. Glass wool shall not be wrapped or secured by any material of combustible nature.
		Fire Damper / Smoke Detector: Proper arrangements by way of automatic fire dampers, working on fusible link/or smoke detector principle for isolating all ducting at every floor from the main riser, shall be made.
		AHU :The air-handling units shall be separate for each floor and air ducts for every floor shall be separate and in no way interconnected with the ducting of any other floor.
		If the air-handling unit serves more than one floor, the conditions given below shall be complied in addition to the recommendations above.
		AHU in case of Fire: When the automatic fire alarm operates, the respective air-handling units of the air-conditioning system shall automatically be switched off.
		Plenum for Return Air: Where plenum is used for return air passage, ceiling and its fixtures shall be of non-combustible material.
15.25	Fire Control Room	Building height having more than 45 Meter and Floor area 3000 sq. meter and more on each floor: There shall be a control room on the entrance floor of the building with communication system (suitable public address system) to all floors and facilities for receiving the message from different floors. Details of all floor plans along with the details of firefighting equipment and installations shall be displayed in the fire control room.
		The fire control room shall also have facilities to detect the fire on any floor through indicator board’s connection; fire detection and alarm system on all floors.
		The fire staff in charge of the fire control room shall be responsible for maintenance of the various services and the firefighting equipment and installations in coordination with security, electrical and civil staff of the building.
15.28	Basement	The staircase of basements shall be of enclosed type having fire resistance of not less than 2 hours and shall be situated at the periphery of the basement to be entered at ground level only from the open air and in such position that smoke from any fire in the basement shall not obstruct any exit serving the ground and upper storey of the building. It shall communicate with basement through a lobby provided with fire resisting self-closing doors of one hour resistance. If the travel distance exceeds the desired level, additional staircases shall be provided at proper places. The basement shall not open in to the staircase or lift well directly. If so then it has to be protected by 2 hours fire resistant self-closing doors,
		Ventilation: The basement shall be provided with natural ventilations and more than one basement shall have mechanical extractors for smoke venting shall be designed to permit 6 changes per hour in case of fire or distress call. For normal operations, air changes schedule shall be as per National Building Code of India.
		Discharge apparatus of all natural draft smoke vents shall be so arranged as to be readily accessible for opening by fire service person.
		Use of basement for kitchen shall not be permitted. Building services such as, boiler rooms in basement shall comply with the provisions of the IE Act/ Rules.
		The basement of 200 sq. meters or more shall be protected with provisions of Part 4 National Building Code of India
		Each basement shall be separately ventilated. First basement to be naturally ventilated @ 2.5% of the ceiling area. Other basements shall be mechanically ventilated
15.14	Uses Permitted in Basement	For all buildings: For Parking, safe deposit vault, A.C. Plant, Grey water treatment plant, Sewage Treatment Plant, water tank, storage other than inflammable material, non-habitable use.
		For Hospitals exceeding 2000 Sq. meter of built-up area: For Radiation-production device, Radiation Therapy room, MRI or X-Ray room, laundry and housekeeping.
		For Malls and/or exceeding 2000 Sq. meter of built-up area: For Security Cabin, Electric Cabin, General room, boiler room, laundry, housekeeping, store, lockers, rest room and communication room separated by brick masonry walls of at least 230 cm.
		Total cumulative built-up area for above listed usage shall not exceed 25% of the basement area. However, no kind of any transformer shall be permitted in cellar / basement or within the building.
15.27	Refuge Area	Building Height up to 25 Meter : Minimum area of 15 m2 on external wall with minimum width of 0.75 m at every 18 meter height for floor area up to 1000 m2. If floor areal 1000 m2, another Refuge Area on another end of the floor.
		Building Height 25 to 39 Meter : One refuge area on the floor immediately above 25 meter.
		Building Height above 39 Meter : One refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 meter and so on after every 15 meter
		Note:- Residential flats in multistorey buildings with balcony need not be provided with refuge area, however flats without balcony shall be provided with refuge area as given above.
15.32	Fire Check Floor/ Fire Cut OFF Floor	High-rise building height more than 70 meter : shall be provided with fire check floor (entire floor) above 70 meter at immediate habitable floor level. Periphery of the Fire Check floor shall not be enclosed The fire check floor shall not be used for any purpose and it shall be maintain the same clean and free of encumbrances and encroachments at all times.
15.32	Fire Check Floor/ Fire Cut OFF Floor	Drinking water facility and toilet facility shall be provided.
15.33	Glass facades	No glass facades shall be permitted in School and Hospital buildings
		The distance between building structure and glass facade must not be more than 300 mm
		To restrict spread of fire, there must be an automatic water curtain system on each floor.
		No glass façade shall be permitted at the external face of the staircase.
		Every floor must have a two-way opening measuring 1.5 meter×1.5 meter in the wall, as access points for rescue workers. They must properly label as “Emergency Exit.
		Glass facade for high rise building shall be of 1 hour fire resistance.

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Quick Reference-Fire Fighting (Part-5)

December 11, 2023 Leave a comment

Fire Pipe Support
Hanger rod diameter (mm)	Nominal Pipes Diameter (mm)	Spacing between supports (meter)
Up to 25MM	8MM	2MM
32 to 50MM	8MM	2.5MM
65 to 80MM	10MM	2.5MM
100MM	12MM	2.5MM
150MM	16MM	3MM
200MM & above	16MM	3MM
Extra supports shall be provided at the bends and at heavy fittings like valves to avoid undue stress on the pipes.

Support Spacing for Steel Pipe (ASME B31.1)
Pipe Size	Water	Gas
25.4 MM	2133.6 MM	2743.2 MM
50.8 MM	3048 MM	3962.4 MM
76.2 MM	3657.6 MM	4572 MM
101.6 MM	4267.2 MM	5181.6 MM
152.4 MM	5181.6 MM	6400.8 MM
203.2 MM	5791.2 MM	7315.2 MM
304.8 MM	7010.4 MM	9144 MM
406.4 MM	8229.6 MM	10668 MM
508 MM	9144 MM	11887.2 MM
609.6 MM	9753.6 MM	12801.6 MM

Thumb Rules for Pipe Support Spacing

As a rule of thumb, the spacing of pipe supports for steel pipes in liquid service, expressed in feet, may be taken as the nominal pipe size, expressed in inches, plus ten. For example, the spacing of pipe supports on a 6″ line will be approximately 6 + 10 = 16 feet

The Minimum Rate of Flow (NBC-2016) (Table 6.10.2.1.3)
Nominal Pipe Size	Flow Rate	Flow Rate
50 MM	100 gpm	380 L/Min
65 MM	150 gpm	568 L/Min
75 MM	220 gpm	833 L/Min
100 MM	390 gpm	1500 L/Min
125 MM	610 gpm	2300 L/Min
150 MM	880 gpm	3350 L/Min
200 MM	1560 gpm	5900 L/Min
250 MM	2440 gpm	9250 L/Min
300 MM	3520 gpm	13300 L/Min

Size of Mains (NBC-2016) Table 8
Size of the Mains	Type of Building	Remarks
100 mm with single outlet landing valves	(a) Residential building (A):	–
	1) Dormitories	–
	2) Apartments	–
	3) Hotels	Up to 45 m height
	(b) Educational buildings (B)	–
	(c) Institutional buildings (C)	Up to 30 m height
	(d) Assembly buildings (D)	–
	(e) Business buildings (E)	Up to 45 m height
	(f) Mercantile buildings (F)	–
	(g) Industrial buildings (G)	Up to 15 m heigh
150 mm with single outlet landing valves	a) Hotels	Above 45 m height
	b) Starred hotels
	c) Institutional buildings (C)	Above 30 m height
	d) Business buildings (E)	Above 45 m height
	e) Industrial buildings (G)	Above 15 m height
	f) Storage buildings (H)	Up to 15 m height
	g) Hazardous buildings (J)	Up to 15 m height

Concealed Spaces Fire Protection (CPWD)
9.4.9.1	If the height of the concealed space at roof and floor is not greater than 0.8meter, the spaces shall be sprinkler protected only if they contain combustible materials or are constructed with combustible materials. Electrical cables with voltage less than 250 V, single phase, with a maximum of 15 cables per tray, are allowed.
9.4.9.2	Spaces between roofs and ceiling more than 0.8 m deep shall be sprinkler protected as follows:
	(i) Concealed spaces less than 5m2 in area shall not require sprinkler protection.
	(ii) Sprinkler heads shall be provided considering the space as any other area in the building.
	(iii) Sprinkler heads may be connected individually with the range/distribution pipes below, which shall be sized by taking the room and concealed space sprinklers cumulatively.
	(iv) Sprinkler heads for concealed space and for the room may be connected with separate range / distribution pipes connected, with common feed pipe. The common feed pipes shall be not less than 65 mm diameter.

Fire Fighting Accessories (CPWD)
Yard Hydrant (External Hydrant)	Yard hydrants a ring of pipe shall be laid underground around the building at a minimum distance of 2 Meter but not more than 15 Meter from the building face. All internal risers shall be connected with this ring.
	The yard hydrants shall be easily accessible and should normally be provided near boundary wall/along road
	At least one External Hydrant post shall be provided for every 45 Meter
	All Yard hydrant outlets shall be situated 1 Meter above ground level.
	The stand posts shall be 80 mm in diameter for single headed hydrants.
	Underground pipe shall be laid at least 2m away from the face of the building preferably along the roads and foot paths. As far as possible laying of pipes under road, pavement and large open spaces shall be avoided. Pipes shall not be laid under buildings and where unavoidable, these shall be laid in masonry trenches with removable covers and cut-off valves shall be provided at points of entry and exit.
Fire Service Inlet	In order to facilitate feeding of water in the system by fire service, a 2 or 3 Way 63 mm diameter collecting head shall be provided and connected with each riser/down comer and the ring main with non-return valve and butterfly/sluice valve. This should be located at a place where fire brigade tender can reach.
Fire Service connection	It is for feeding water to underground storage tank by fire tenders. The static water storage tank shall be provided with a fire brigade collecting head with 4 number 63 mm diameter instantaneous male inlets arranged in a valve box at a suitable point at street level.
Fire Brigade draw out collecting head	Each of the static water storage tanks shall also be provided with a fire brigade draw out collecting head with 63 mm diameter instantaneous male draw out arranged in a valve box at a suitable point at street level. This draw out shall be connected to galvanized iron pipe of 100 mm diameter with foot valve arrangement in the tank.
Pump House	The pump house at ground level shall be easily accessible for firefighting operations and at least 6 meters away from all surrounding buildings and overhead structures.
	Size of the pump house shall be not less than 6.0 m (W) x 8 m (L) x 3.5 m (H). If two electrical pumps are to be provided, the length of the pump house shall be not less than 12 meter. If the water supply pumps are to be installed in the same pump house, then either the width of pump house be increased by 1 meter or length be increased by 2 meter or suitably as is necessary.
	Ventilators at least 500 mm height shall be provided on three sides for natural light.
	The pump and motor/engine assembly shall be installed on suitable RCC foundation. The length and width of the foundation shall be such that 100 mm space is left all around the base frame.
	The height of foundation shall be so decided that the total weight of foundation block is 1.5 times the operating weight of the pump assembly.
	The foundation shall be isolated from the floor by vibration isolating pads. Angle iron frame of size 35 mm x 35 mm x 3 mm shall be provided on the top edges of the foundation
	More than one pump and motor assembly shall not be installed on a single base or cement concrete block.
	A minimum clearance of 1 meter around the main pumps shall be provided. For jockey pump-clearance of 75 cm shall be adequate.
Internal Hydrant	A masonry enclosure on three sides of size minimum 1200 mm wide and 800 mm deep and 2100 mm height shall be provided
	Cut-out of size 200 mm x 200 mm be provided in one corner in the slab for down comer/wet riser pipe. If sprinkler installations are to be provided, additional cut out of similar size for sprinkler pipe and drain pipe as the case may be, shall be provided.
	Internal hydrant shall be easily accessible. A clear space of at least 1.5 meter should be available in front of the internal hydrant for operation. Internal hydrant shall not be provided in a lockable room.
	Internal hydrant shall be clearly marked with the inscription of “FIRE HOSE CABINET” of letter size 75 mm in height and 12 mm in width by luminous sign. Sui
FIRE CONTROL ROOM	For all buildings 15 meter in height or above, and apartment buildings with height 30 m and above, a fire control room (size 4 m x 4 m Approximately) shall be provided on the entrance floor of the building
STRAINERS	Stainless steel strainers shall have minimum 1 mm thick screen with 3 mm perforations. Strainers shall be provided with flanges
AIR VESSEL	Air vessel shall be provided on top of each riser and shall be fabricated out of 8 mm thick M.S. Sheet. The ends shall be dished. This shall be of 250 mm diameter, 1.2 meter high and installed vertically on suitable legs. The legs shall be provided with M.S. Plate of size 75 mm x 75 mm x 5 mm at the bottom so that the legs do not puncture the roof.
	The legs shall be grouted in CC foundation. Flange connection shall be provided for connection with wet riser pipe.
	Air release valve and pressure gauge with shut off valve shall be provided. The air vessel shall be tested at 25 kgf/cm2 pressure before installation.
SLEEVE	Pipe sleeves of diameter larger than the pipe by least 50 mm shall be provided wherever pipes pass through walls and the annular spaces shall be filled with felt and finished with retaining rings.
SLEEVE	The space in the floor cut outs around the pipe work shall be closed using cement concrete (1:2:4 mix) or steel sheet, from the fire safety considerations, taking care to see that a small annular space is left around the pipes to prevent transmission of vibration to the structure.
LANDING VALVE	The landing valves shall be as per IS: 5290
	The water discharge shall be not less than 900 lpm for single head valves at 7 kgf/cm2 pressure.
	The inlet valve shall be at 900 mm above floor level.
FIRST AID HOSE REEL	It shall consist of 20 mm (nominal internal) diameter hose tubing length wrapped around a reel with water inlet pipe, stop valve and shut-off nozzle. The entire assembly is mounted on a wall bracket and can swing 180 degrees. The water inlet shall be connected directly to the riser/down-comer mains by means of 37 mm socket and valve.
	First aid hose reel shall be as per IS-884. The coupling, branch pipe and nozzle shall be as per IS:8090.
	The water flow rate shall be not less than 24 lpm and the range of jet shall be not less than 6 m.
	The length of hose tube shall be such that the nozzle of the hose can be taken into every room and within a range of 6 meter from any part of the room.
BRANCH PIPE AND NOZZLES:-	Delivery Hose Couplings Sizes:- These are available in two sizes i.e. 63 mm and 70 mm. Normally size 63 mm is used
Branch Pipe and Nozzle	The size of other end i.e. nozzle shall be 20 mm (nominal internal diameter).
HOSE PIPES	Hose pipes shall be rubber lined woven jacketed and 63 mm in diameter. They shall conform to Type A ( Re-inforced rubber lined ) of IS: 636. They shall be flexible and capable of being rolled. Length of hose pipe will be 15 meter.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM	Pressure in the sprinkler installation piping shall not exceed 7 bar and pressure at the most remote sprinkler at any level shall not be less than 0.5 bar and also not more than 5 bar.
Sprinkler Protection:	(a) Areas, rooms or places where the water discharged from a sprinkler may pose a fire or explosion or toxic hazard. In such areas alternative arrangement shall be made.
	(b) Stairs, spaces below stair headings (but not rooms above a stair) and lift wells. Any part of the building not provided with sprinkler protection shall be fire separated by walls. Fire doors not less than 1 hour in fire resistance shall be provided in the opening of such walls.
	(c) Wash rooms, toilets and WCs (but not cloak rooms) of area less than 5m2. If area of these rooms exceed 5m2, these shall be provided with sprinkler protection unless fire separated by walls and all openings in the walls are protected.
	(d) Sprinklers shall not be required in electrical equipment rooms where all of the following conditions are met:
	i) The room is dedicated to electrical equipment only.
	ii) Only dry-type electrical equipment is used.
	iii) Equipment is installed in a 120 minutes fire-rated enclosure including protection for penetration in walls.
	iv) Cable coating is done in trays or trenches to prevent flame spread.
	v) Storage is not permitted in the room.
	Rooms like server room or electrical control room where alternate protection by other automatic extinguishing systems, (for example gas, powder and water spray).
	(f) In areas having height 17 m or above such as in atria, sprinkler installations may be rendered ineffective and hence may be avoided.
Drain Valve	For drainage of system, drain valve 50 mm diameter shall be provided down stream of Installation Control Valve or any subsidiary stop valve.
TESTING	All piping shall be tested to hydrostatic test pressure of at least 1.5 times the maximum operating pressure, but not less than 10 kg/sq.cm for a period not less than 24 hours.
	After completion of the entire work, pressure testing of entire pipe work shall be carried out for 24 hrs. at a pressure of 7.5 kgf/cm2. The drop of pressure up to 0.5 kgf/cm2 shall be accepted.
	While Hydro Testing, inclusion of cut-off valves in the mains to be tested can be avoided. All leaks and defects in joints revealed during the testing shall be rectified.
MOTOR STARTER	Starter for the motor shall be direct on line (D.O.L) for motors up to and including 7.5 H.P. rating and automatic star-delta type for motors of higher ratings unless otherwise specified in the tender specifications. However, for main Fire Pump & Sprinkler Pump Soft Starters may be used.
	Each starter shall be provided with the following protections: –
	(a) Thermal overload on all the three phases with adjustable settings,
	(b) Independent single phase preventer. (Current sensing type).
	(iv) Adequate number of extra NO/NC contacts for interlocks, indicating lamps, remote operation etc. shall be provided on the starter/ contactor.
	(v) Under voltage/No volt trip shall not be provided.
SWITCH BOARDS	The board shall be fabricated from 2.0 mm thick CRCA sheet and powder coated after 7 tank treatment process. The board shall be fabricated with IP 42 degree of protection.
SWITCH BOARDS	Switch fuse units shall be used up to and including 32 A and SDFU shall be used for 63 A and above. ACB shall be used for 630 A and above ratings. (iv) All Switch fuse units/SDFUs shall be of AC 23 duty as per IS: 4064-1978 as amended up to date. They shall be complete with suitable HRC cartridge type fuses.

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Quick Reference-Fire Fighting (Part-4)

November 16, 2023 Leave a comment

Suction and Delivery Pipes of Pumps Fire Pump (CPWD)
Pump Capacity	Suction (Minimum)	Delivery (Minimum)
450 LPM	50 mm	50 mm
900 LPM	70 mm	50 mm
1400 LPM	100 mm	100 mm
2280 LPM	150 mm	150 mm
2850 LPM	200 mm	150 mm
4540 LPM	250 mm	200 mm

SELECTION OF ORIFICE PLATE (CPWD)
Pressure Loss Kg/cm2	Diameter of Orifice (mm)
Pressure Loss Kg/cm2	80 MM PIPE	100 MM PIPE
3.5	41.9
3	43
2.5	44.8
2	46.4
1.5	48.9	56.2
1	52.3	57.6
0.9	53.2	59
0.8	54.1	60.4
0.7	55.3	62
0.6	56.6	63.9
0.5	58.2	66.5
0.4	59.8	69.7
0.3	62	74.2
0.2	65	81.1
0.1		82.2

FLANGE THICKNESS (CPWD)
Pipe diameter	Flange Thickness
200 mm	24 mm
150 mm and 125 mm	22 mm
100 mm and 80 mm	20 mm
65 mm	18 mm
40 mm and below	16 mm
Gasket thickness shall not be less than 3 mm.
Mild steel flanges shall be in accordance with Table:17 of IS : 6392

Sprinkler Spacing, Arrangement, Distribution and Locations (CPWD)
(i) Maximum Area Coverage per Sprinkler
(a) Ceiling sprinkler	12 m2
(b) Side wall sprinkler :
Combustible ceiling	7.5 m2
Non-Combustible ceiling	9 m2
(ii) Maximum Distance between Sprinklers
(a) Ceiling sprinkler	3.5 Meter
(b) Side wall sprinkler
(i) Combustible ceiling	2.7 Meter
(ii) Non-combustible ceiling	3 Meter
(iii) Minimum Distance between Sprinklers (for Ceiling as well as Sidewall sprinklers)	1.8 Meter
Note: In case of intermediate ceiling suspended sprinklers, protecting commodities in racks, distance lower than 1.8 Meter may be considered if necessary.
Maximum distance of sprinklers from end walls :	it shall not exceed half of the allowable distance between sprinklers
Note: For ceiling sprinklers:
a) where the external walls are combustible or built with metallic or otherwise or open sided; and in case of open joisted ceilings or where the roof has the rafters exposed, the distance between the boundary and the sprinklers shall not exceed 1.5 Meter.
b) Distance shall be measured perpendicular to the wall.
Sprinklers shall not be located at a distance less than 100 mm from the wall (for ceiling sprinklers).
Sprinklers shall not be located at a distance less than 100 mm from the end wall (for sidewall sprinklers)

Table 9.7 Guidelines for stocking spare sprinkler (CPWD)
HAZARD CLASS	All state capitals and within 200 Km	Other locations
Light	5 sprinklers of each type	15
Moderate/Ordinary	15 sprinklers of each type	25
High & storage	30 sprinklers of each type	50

Sidewall Sprinkler Location in Relation to Obstructions (lighting, fan and similar fixtures) -Facing across the wall ( CPWD-Table 9.2)
Distance (A) between Sprinklers and the Obstruction on Side (mm)	Maximum allowable Distance (B) between Deflector above bottom of Obstruction when Sprinkler can be allowed
Up to 1200	Not allowed
More than 1200 but less than 1500	25
More than 1500 but less than 1650	50
More than 1650 but less than 1800	80
More than 1800 but less than 1950	100
More than 1950 but less than 2100	150
More than 2100 but less than 2250	180
More than 2250 but less than 2400	230
More than 2400 but less than 2550	280
More than 2550	350

Sidewall Sprinkler Location in Relation to Obstructions (lighting, fan and similar fixtures)-Along the same wall (CPWD-Table 9.3 )
Distance (A) Between Sprinklers and the Obstruction on Side (mm)	Maximum allowable Distance (B) between Deflector above bottom of Obstruction when Sprinkler can be allowed
100 to 150	25
More than 150 but less than 300	50
More than 300 but less than 450	80
More than 450 but less than 600	115
More than 600 but less than 750	150
More than 750 but less than 900	180
More than 900 but less than 1050	200
More than 1050 but less than 1200	230
More than 1200 but less than 1350	250
More than 1350 but less than 1500	300
More than 1500 but less than 1650	330
More than 1650 but less than 1800	350
More than 1800 but less than 1950	380
More than 1950 but less than 2100	430
More than 2100 but less than 2250	450

Sprinkler Location Below Ceilings [Clause 9.4.7.1],Table 9.1 (CPWD)
Type of ceiling	Distance below ceilings (in mm)
Type of ceiling	MIN	MAX	PREFERRED
Combustible, asbestos cement sheets, wired glass and frangible	75	300	150
Combustible with exposed rafters and/or open joists	75	150
Non-combustible – either plane or arched or sloping	75	450	300

No of Sprinkler (NFPA-13)
PIPE SIZE	Light hazard (Table 14.5.2.2.1)		Ordinary Hazard (Table 14.5.3.4)		Extra Hazard
PIPE SIZE	STEEL	COPPER	STEEL	COPPER	STEEL
25MM	2 Nos	2 Nos	2 Nos	2 Nos	1 Nos
32MM	3 Nos	3 Nos	3 Nos	3 Nos	2 Nos
40MM	5 Nos	5 Nos	5 Nos	5 Nos	5 Nos
50MM	10 Nos	12 Nos	10 Nos	12 Nos	8 Nos
65MM	30 Nos	40 Nos	20 Nos	25 Nos	15 Nos
80MM	60 Nos	65 Nos	40 Nos	45 Nos	27 Nos
85MM	100 Nos	115 Nos	65 Nos	75 Nos	40 Nos
100MM	>100 Nos Check System Protection Area & Use Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule		100 Nos	115 Nos	55 Nos
125MM			160 Nos	180 Nos	90 Nos
150MM			275 Nos	300 Nos	150 Nos
200MM			>275 Nos Check System Protection Area		–

Number of Sprinklers Above and Below a Ceiling (NFPA-13) Table 14.5.2.4
PIPE SIZE	Light hazard (Table 14.5.4)		Ordinary Hazard (Table 14.5.7)
PIPE SIZE	STEEL	COPPER	STEEL	COPPER
25MM	2 Nos	2 Nos	2 Nos	2 Nos
32MM	4 Nos	4 Nos	4 Nos	4 Nos
40MM	7 Nos	7 Nos	7 Nos	7 Nos
50MM	15 Nos	18 Nos	15 Nos	18 Nos
65MM	50 Nos	65 Nos	30 Nos	40 Nos
80MM			60 Nos	65 Nos

Maximum and Minimum Distance for Upright and Pendent sprinklers (NFPA 13) TABLE-10.2.4.2.1
Type of Hazard	Sprinklers to Walls		Sprinklers to Sprinklers		Remarks
Type of Hazard	Minimum Distance	Maximum Distance	Minimum Distance	Maximum Distance
Light Hazard	100 mm	2.3 Meter	1.8 Meter	4.6 Meter
Ordinary Hazard	100 mm	2.3 Meter	1.8 Meter	4.6 Meter
Extra Hazard	100 mm	1.8 Meter	1.8 Meter	3.7 Meter	Water density ≥ 0.25 gpm/ft2
Extra Hazard	100 mm	2.3 Meter	1.8 Meter	4.6 Meter	Water density < 0.25gpm/ft2
High-Piled Storage			1.8 Meter	3.7 Meter	Water density ≥ 0.25gpm/ft2
High-Piled Storage			1.8 Meter	4.6 Meter	Water density < 0.25gpm/ft2

Fire Pipe Hanger Rod Size (NFPA-13) Table 17.2.3.5.1
PIPE SIZE	Hanger Rod Size	Distance Between Hanger
Up to 32MM	10MM	3.7 Meter
40MM to 100MM	10MM	4 Meter
120MM to 200MM	13MM	5 Meter
250MM	16MM	–
300MM	20MM	–

U-Hook Rod Sizes (NFPA-13) Table 17.2.1.4
Pipe Size	Diameter of Rod
UP TO 50 MM	8
65 to 150 MM	10
200 MM	13

PIPE SUPPORT SPACING (CPWD)
Nominal Pipe Size	Spacing
Up to 25MM	2 METER
32MM to 125MM	2.5 METER
150MM and above	3 METER
Extra supports shall be provided at the bends and at heavy fittings like valves to avoid undue stress on the pipes.

Distance Between Pipe Supports IS 15105 (Clause 10.3.10)
Pipe Diameter	Spacing
Upto65mm	4.0m
65mmto 100mm	6.0 m
100 mm to 250 mm	6.5 m
For Distribution Pipes
(a) The first support on a nominally horizontal distribution pipe shall not be more than 2 meters from the main distribution pipe.
(b) The last support on a nominally horizontal distribution pipe shall not be more than 450 mm from the end.
c) Drop or rise pipes shall be secured to the building structure either directly or indirectly at the adjacent nominally horizontal part of the pipe within 300 mm of the drop or rise.

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Solar Panel Installation Guideline

October 2, 2023 Leave a comment

21.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System (NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016)
Building Type	Plot Size	Generation Requirement
Residential (Plotted houses)	100 m2 and above	1 kWp or 5% of connected load, whichever is higher
Residential (Group housing)	All sizes	Minimum 5% of connected load
Business, educational buildings having connected load of 30 kW and above	500 m2 and above	5 kWp or 5% of connected load, whichever is higher
Mercantile, hotels, motels, assembly, industrial and institutional buildings	500 m2 and above	for buildings having connected load of:
		(a) 50 to 1000 kW=10 kWp or 5% of connected load whichever is higher
		(b) Above 1 000 kW=50 kWp or 5% of connected load whichever is higher

SOALR INSTALLATION -CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY-2023 (12.1)
PATH WAY FOR SOLAR SYSTEM	Clear pathways of minimum 75cm in width with hand rails for roof access and emergency exit shall be provided for roof top system.
PATH WAY FOR SOLAR SYSTEM	there shall be clear pathways, walkways between the rows or columns of solar panels which is necessary for cleaning and maintenance;
FENCING	ground mounted solar installations shall be protected by fencing or other means not less than 1.8 meter in height so as to prevent unauthorized entry;
ISOLATING DEVICE	Disconnection switches or circuit breakers provided in combiner boxes to disconnect the photovoltaic system from all other conductors of the system shall be located at a readily accessible location;
	three phases on the alternating current side, and positive and negative conductor on the direct current side shall be marked and identified with different colours
	manual disconnection switch to isolate the system from grid and shall be situated outside the alternating current combiner box
INVERTER	inverter unit for solar photovoltaics shall be installed in the periphery of the building and as near as the solar panel:
PROTECTION	protection shall be deployed (for both input and output) on site for overload, surge current, surge voltage, short circuit, high temperature, over voltage, under voltage and over frequency, under frequency, reverse polarity and lightning.
PROTECTION	the solar photovoltaic power plant shall be provided with lightning and over voltage protection by deploying required number of lightning arresters as per the relevant standards;

Guidelines for Installation of Solar Energy System (Government of Kerala-Electrical Inspectorate)
SOLAR SYSTEM APPROVAL	10kW and up to and including 30kW : completion report and SLD shall be submitted by the consumer through a competent electricals contractor and sanction for energization shall be obtained from the district office concerned
	30kW to 5O0kW: Prior scheme approval and sanction for energization orders shall be obtained from the district office concerned
	above 500kW :Prior scheme approval and sanction for energization orders shall be obtained from the office of the Chief Electrical Inspector
PANEL MOUNTING STRUCTURE	Galvanized iron (Gl) or aluminum shall be used for module mounting structures.
PANEL MOUNTING STRUCTURE	Be located at a height of at least 2.44 m above the ground level
CABLE SIZE	Cable size for PV string cable, PV sub-array cable and PV array main cable shall be selected as per section 7.3.7 of IEC 62548/2016.
PV CELL	PV string connected in parallel shall have matched open circuit voltage within 5% per string to avoid circulating current. (Refer section 5.1.6 of IEC 62548/2016).
PV CELL	Solar PV module details such as number of modules, wattage, number of cells, voltage, current etc. shall be verified
INVERTER	Inverter capacity shall be selected based on the solar PV generation, so that maximum generation can be utilized.
INVERTER	Inverter protection settings, installer details and emergency shutdown procedures shall be displayed on site.
HARMONIC INJECTION	PV system shall not inject DC current greater than 1 percent of the inverter rated output current into the grid.
	Solar inverters shall be rated for THD of less than 3 percent of power injected into the grid
	Harmonic current injections from a generating station shall not exceed the limits specified in IEEE 519
	The distributed generating resource shall not inject direct current greater than 0.5 % of the full rated output at the interconnection point
PARALLELING THE SYSTEM	Paralleling device of distributed generation resource shall be capable of withstanding 220 % of the nominal voltage at the interconnection point.
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION	Every time the generating station is synchronised to the electricity system, it shall not cause voltage fluctuation greater than ± 5 % at the point of connection
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION	The distributed generating resource shall not introduce flicker beyond the limits specified in IEC 61000
EARTHING	Up to 5kW solar plants, 2NO’S of earth electrodes are sufficient and LA shall be provided in lightning prone area.
	Above 5kW and up to 100kW solar plants, 3NO’S of earth electrodes are sufficient and LA shall be provided.
	These earth electrodes shall be interconnected to existing earth electrodes and total earth resistance shall be less than 5 Ω.
	Equipotential bonding shall be done as per IEC TR 63227:2020
	Minimum size of earthing conductor for solar PV cells is 6Sq/mm of copper / 10Sq.mm for Aluminum and 70 Sq.mm for GI Strip.
	Resistance between any point of PV System and earth should not more than 5 Ohm. Earthing should be 2 no’s of separate parallel path with 2 no’s of separate earthing rod.
	Solar panel supporting structures, inverter neutral, body etc. shall be earthed as per standards.
SURGE PROTECTION DEVICE (SPD)	DC surge arresters shall be provided at DC side and it shall be of Type 2 (as per IEC 61643-1, IEC 62548/2016) rated at a continuous operating voltage of at least 125 % of the open-circuit voltage of the PV string, and a flash current of more than 5 A.
	As the string inverters used for roof top PV systems do not allow more than 800 VDC, surge arrestors rated for 1,000 VDC are commonly used.
	The surge arrestors should be connected to both positive and negative outgoing terminal of the string junction box. If the inverter is provided with in-build SPD this may not be insisted
	AC side of inverter shall also be provided with a SPD of adequate rating. SPDs shall be selected based on the voltage impulse withstanding capacity of the equipment to be protected.
	Breakers having adequate rating and surge protection device (SPD) shall be provided in the array junction box.
LIGHTING ARRESTER	For large PV systems a dedicated lightning protection system shall be provided as per IEC 62305 and section 7.4.2 of IEC 62548/2016. Existing lightning protection of a building may be considered sufficient for this purpose, provided it adequately protects the installation area.
BACK FEEDING TO GRID	Lockable CB/SFU shall be installed at the point of interconnection with the grid connected SPV system which should be accessible to the utility staff to isolate the system at the time of maintenance of distribution system.
	If the proposed installation is having a DG set, reverse power relay shall be provided to avoid back feeding to DG set, if necessary.
	In the grid System, ensure that there is no back feeding to the grid when grid supply is off and anti islanding protection shall be ensured. Certificate from the manufacturer shall be obtained.
	In the grid System, ensure that there is no back feeding to the grid when grid supply is off and anti-islanding protection shall be ensured. Certificate from the manufacturer shall be obtained.
INGRESS PROTECTION	All PV equipment installed outdoors should have an ingress protection rating of at least IP65. All the inverters installed outdoor shall be recommended to provide an additional shading arrangement to avoid direct sunlight and rain.
LABELING	All the PV equipment shall be labelled as per IEC 62446-2009-05
LABELING	Main AC isolating switch shall be clearly labelled with dual supply warning and a single line wiring diagram shall be displayed.
METER	If it is grid tied, it shall be ensured that Bi-directional meter (Net meter) is provided at the interconnection point to record the import and export of energy.
	Solar meter shall be installed at the delivery point of the solar energy system to measure the solar electricity generated.
	The meters shall be tested, installed and sealed.

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Sub Station Fence Guideline

September 1, 2023 1 Comment

Indian Electricity Act, 1910 And Indian Electricity -Rules, 1956 RULE 68(b)
Fence	In the case of outdoor type of sub-station, a metallic fencing of not less than 1.8 meter height shall be erected around the transformer.

BS 1722-10:2019
Fence	Anti-intruder fences in chain link and welded mesh for anti-intruder chain link or welded mesh fences and gates of at least 2.4 meter in height for situations that require a higher level of protection

NEC 110.31 Enclosure for Electrical Installations
Fence	A fence shall not be less than 2.1 meter (7 ft) in height or a combination of 1.8 meter (6 ft) or more of fence fabric and a 300 mm (1 ft) or more extension utilizing three or more strands of barbed wire or equivalent.

Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited
Fence	Fencing and Gates shall be provided for Switchyard area as per General Electrical Layout Plan. The height of fence post shall be at least 3050 mm.

THE HARYANA BUILDING CODE, 2017
Fence	Boundary wall up to the height of 2400mm may be permitted by the Competent Authority in electric sub-stations, transformer stations, industrial buildings (workshops, factories) , institutional buildings (hospitals ), educational buildings (schools, colleges, including hostels and other uses of public utility undertakings and strategically sensitive buildings.

Guide to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work-IRELAND

Fence

The transformer or switchgear is adequately protected either by suitable fencing not less than 2400MM high, or by some other effective means such as high walls or some other effective means for preventing any unauthorized person gaining access to the equipment or to anything connected there to which is used as a conductor unless it is completely enclosed by (i) a metal casing which is connected to earth, or (ii) some other equally suitable non-metal casing.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

CLAUSE 4.6 (b)

Enclose any part of the substation which is open to the air, with a fence (earthed efficiently at both ends) or wall not less than 1 800 mm (preferably not less than 2400 mm) in height; to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, danger of electric shock or unauthorized access;

CLAUSE 5.3.6.10

Electrical installations in a room or cubicle or in an area surrounded by wall fence, access to which is controlled by lock and key shall be considered accessible to authorized persons only. Such installations shall be efficiently protected by fencing not less than 1 800 mm in height or other means so as to prevent access to the electric supply lines and apparatus therein by an undesignated person and the fencing of such area shall be earthed efficiently.

NEC TABLE 110.31. MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM FENCE TO LIVE PARTS
NOMINAL VOLTAGE	MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM LIVE PART
1KV TO 13.7KV	3.05 METER
13.8KV TO 23KV	4.57 METER
OVER 23KV	5.49 METER

ESKOM TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS Table 1: Security and safety fences
Fence	Fence Type	IP spacing	Strain Posts Spacing
Security	2.4 Meter high, welded mesh fence	4.0m maximum	40m maximum where distance between corner posts exceed 90m
Safety	1.8 Meter high, diamond mesh	4.5m maximum	60m maximum where distance between corner posts exceed 90m

Outdoor Transformer / Panel Fencing as per UGVCL
Fence Height	1600 MM (1500+100 mm) above ground and 450 mm in ground; minimum Width and Length as per site conditions and as decided by EIC (Engineer In-charge).
Fencing Gate	Fencing gate should have door with two shutters with one Heavy duty S.S. aldrop of size not less than 16 mm Día and 350 mm length. Gate is to be provided as per site conditions.
	Gate should be suitably stiffened to prevent sagging. 3nos. of Hinges of 100 mm size on each door and shall be of heavy duty S.S. and facilitate of outward 180 degree movement of the gate flaps.
	Left door of gate should be provided with stopper of 300 mm and Dia. of 10 mm at upper and lower part of fencing with proper locking arrangement.
Grade of Material for Fencing	Pultruded FRP – UV and Fire Resistant conforming to IS 6746
Bracing Flat	SMC molded / FRP Flat 35 x5mm and length 300 mm
Vertical Post (Pultruded FRP)	The vertical post shall be made out of FRP Pultruded square hollow section of size 50x50x5 mm. Such posts shall be kept at a distance not exceeding 1000 mm
	and shall be grouted in the ground with c.c. of ratio 1:2:4 in the pit of size 300x300x450 mm
	Post should be buried in foundation at least 450 mm from ground level. Posts at corners and gate openings may be of different size/shape so as to take care of the fencing requirements
Sub frame section	FRP Box section of 50 x 25 x 5mm
Rails	Rails shall be made out of FRP notch bars of 12 mm dia. provided at equal spacing not exceeding200 mm Centre to Centre. The rails are placed horizontally and height of the 1st rail from the ground as well as gap between the rails shall be maintained
Pickets	Pickets shall be made of flats of size 35×5 mm SMC or FRP provided at equal spacing not exceeding 100 mm Centre to Centre mechanically locked between vertical post as well as top and bottom member of sub frame
Pickets	At top the whole fencing shall be tied with FRP Angle section 50x50x5 to provide suitable stiffness. Angle . Hardware for fixing / assembling shall be of stainless steel
Danger Board	Danger Board of size 300X300 mm (1.6 mm thick M.S. Plate) is to be provided on left hand side of fencing with standard drawing as attached herewith

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Diesel Generator Installation Guideline

August 10, 2023 1 Comment

Guideline for Generator (Government of Kerala-Department of Electrical Inspectorate)
SR. NO	Capacity of Generator	Category
1	Up to 10KVA	Portable Generator
2	10KVA to 100KVA	Small Generators
3	100KVA to 1000KVA	Medium Generators
4	Above 1000KVA	Large Generators

Guideline for Portable Generator (Government of Kerala-Department of Electrical Inspectorate)
Size	Generators up to 10kVA rating shall be treated as portable generators
ELCB Size	ELCB having an operating time of 20ms at a residual current of 30mA shall be provided.
Neutral	For 1phase generators one terminal shall be connected to earth and designated as the neutral.
Neutral	3phase generators shall have their windings connected in star, with the star connection made available and connected to earth.
Single Phase DG use for Three Phase Supply	The supply from a single-phase generator shall be feed to a three-phase supply system through a 4-pole change over switch subject to the following conditions:
	(a) The neutral conductors of the load side and generator side shall be of adequate capacity to carry the total current in the neutral.
	(b) The 3 poles in the 4 pole change over switch shall be linked by using rigid conductors of adequate short circuit and continuous current rating capacity
Location	Portable generators shall be kept at a place, sufficiently ventilated so as to avoid possible hazards due to the accumulation of smoke and pollution.

Guideline for Medium Voltage Generator (Government of Kerala-Department of Electrical Inspectorate)
APPROVAL FROM ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR	NOT Required: For generators of 10kVA to 30kVA rating completion report and SLD shall be submitted with a certification by the owner and the contractor stating that the electrical installation work is carried out by using change over switch, cable, MCB, etc. of standard make and with ISI mark for issuing the sanction for energization.
APPROVAL FROM ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR	Required: For generators above 30kVA prior scheme approval shall be obtained
Meters	Watt-hour meter and ammeters in each phase shall also be provided in GCP. For generators of 500 kVA and above, kVA/KW meter and P.F. meter shall also be provided
Exhaust Pipe	Exhaust pipe of DG sets shall maintain a minimum height of 1.8 m clearance from floor level and shall be extended to a height of at least 1m above the building.
Clearance	Minimum 1m clearances shall be provided on three sides of a generator set. When two generator sets are installed side-by-side, minimum 2.0 m clearance shall be provided between them
Location	The generator sets should not be allowed to be installed above the ground floor or below first basement level of the building. There shall be provision of separate direct escape and entry into these areas from outside in case of fire.
Generators Running in Parallel	Double frequency meter and double voltmeter, P.F Meter shall be provided in synchronizing panel / Control Panel.
	For generators of 1MVA and above synchro check relay , kVA and kVAr meters, Reverse Reactive Power relays shall provide in synchronizing panel / Control Panel.
	Neutral switching facility shall be provided. Interlock shall be provided to ensure that the generator breaker cannot be closed unless one of the neutral is connected to the earthing system
	Neutral of largest capacity generator shall only be earthed. Neutrals of other generators, running in parallel, shall be in floating condition.
	Also ensure that generator breakers can be made ‘ON’ only if functional neutral is earthed and closed.

Guideline for Change Over Switch of Portable Generator (Government of Kerala-Department of Electrical Inspectorate)
Capacity of single-Phase Generator	Change over switch rating	Minimum copper area of conductors used for linking the poles
Up to 3 kVA	32 A	20 sq.mm
3 to 6 kVA	63 A	40 sq.mm
6 to 10 kVA	100A	60 sq.mm

Electricity Act, 2003 (Central Act No. 36 of 2003) & Central Electricity Authority Regulations, regulation 32, 2010
Inspection of D.G by Electrical Inspector	All the apparatus of capacity above 100 KVA of the generating units including generating units producing electricity from renewable sources of energy shall be inspected by the Electrical Inspector before commissioning.

General Development Control Regulations, Gujarat – 2017
	No construction shall be permissible in the Common Plot except Electric substation, Transformer room, Auxiliary power generator, Box-type transformer, section feeder pillar, meter room, over and underground water tank and pump room, security cabin, Community/ Society common amenities shall be allowed to be constructed in the Common Plot subject
22.14	Emergency Power Supply for Buildings height more than 45Meter and Special Buildings
1	For every building having height more than 45mts, a stand‐by electric generator shall be installed to supply power to staircase and corridor lighting circuits, fire lifts, the stand‐by fire pump, pressurization fans and blowers, smoke extraction and damper systems in case of failure of normal electric supply.
2	The generator shall be capable of taking starting current of all the machines and circuits stated above simultaneously. If the stand‐by pump is driven by diesel engine, the generator supply need not be connected to the main electrical pump. Where parallel HT/LT supply from a separate sub‐station is provided with appropriate transformer for emergency, the provision of generator may be waived in consultation with Authority
22.15	Electric Supply and Installation for Buildings with height more than 25mts and Special Buildings
1	Electric supply to the High pressure Fire pump, Fire Lift and Sprinkler pump shall be supplied parallel to the building supply and should not get cut‐off if the supply to the building is switched off.
2	All the electric wiring used shall be of 900 volt grading and connected to each enclosure through a MCB for a particular load.
3	Electric cable/wires used shall be of 700 volt grading with Mechanical circuit breaker and earth Leak Circuit Breaker (MCB and ELCB).

Government of Kerala-Department of Electrical Inspectorate
Location of DG sets	The DG sets shall be installed at Ground level or First Basement Floor level, installation of DG sets at combined two upper basement floors with access from ground level is allowed

Diesel generator NBC -2016 (3.4.6.4 / 3.4.6.2)
Installation	Diesel generator set(s)shall not be installed at any floor other than ground / first basement. If the same are installed indoors, proper ventilation and exhaust shall be planned. The DG set room shall be separated by 120 min fire resistance rated walls and doors.
Fuel Tank	The oil tank for the DG sets (if not in the base of the DG) shall be provided with a enclosure having a volumetric capacity of at least 10 percent more than the volume of the oil tank. The enclosure shall be filled with sand for a height of 300 mm.
D.G Power Supply for Building	Emergency power supplying distribution system for critical requirement for functioning of fire and life safety system and equipment shall be planned for efficient and reliable power and control supply to the following systems and equipment where provided:
	(a) Fire pumps.
	(b) Pressurization and smoke venting; including its ancillary systems such as dampers and actuators.
	(c) Fireman’s lifts (including all lifts).
	(d) Exit signage lighting.
	(e) Emergency lighting.
	(f) Fire alarm system.
	(g) Public address (PA) system (relating to emergency voice evacuation and annunciation).
	(h) Magnetic door hold open devices.
	(j) Lighting in fire command centre and security room.
	Power supply to these systems and equipment shall be from normal and emergency (standby generator) power sources with changeover facility.
	If power supply, is from HV source and HV generation, the transformer should be planned in standby capacity to ensure continuity of power to such systems.
	Wherever transformers are installed at higher levels in buildings and backup DG sets are of higher voltage rating, then dual redundant cables shall be taken to all transformers. The generator shall be capable of taking starting current of all the fire and life safety systems and equipment as above.
	Where parallel HV/LV supply from a separate substation fed from different grid is provided with appropriate transformer for emergency, the provision of generator may be waived in consultation with the Authority

General Guideline for Diesel Generator Set
Foundation	DG set’s location area / foundation should be capable to bear the STATIC load and DYNAMIC Load which is typically 2.5 times the static load during running.
	The length and breadth of foundation should be minimum 150 mm (6”) more than acoustic enclosure size / base rails size
	It is recommended to have foundation elevation 150 mm above finish ground level. It helps to maintain cleanliness of DG Set. For areas having heavy rainfall, a higher platform/ rain shed (not mandatory) may be required to prevent water entry and it also helps in operator’s safety
	DG Set foundation level to be checked with water level tube at frame mounting area and should be within +/- 5mm for 750 kVA and above DG Set. For DG sets below 750 kVA +/- 2.5mm to be maintained. Metal shims to be provided between DG frame and civil foundation to load DG Set uniformly.
Fuel Tank	For DG sets of rating up to 700 kVA the fuel tank is in sub-base type part of DG Set skid. For DG sets above 750 kVA, 990Liter capacity day tank is supplied loose, which needs to be installed at floor level or 300 mm above the DG floor level to maintain positive suction head on fuel pump inlet.
	The height of the day tank should be sufficient to put a positive head on the engine fuel pump. (Minimum level in tank not less than 6 inches [150 mm] above engine fuel inlet.)
	The maximum height of fuel in the day tank should not be sufficient to put a positive head on the engine fuel return lines. Please ensure that all diesel lines are leak proof and should prevent air seepage even if the DG sets is not run for a long time.
Control Panel	The control panel of the generator should be located away from the generator, but in the same room. The clearance between the generator and the control panel should be more than 1 meter, for small sets up to and including 5OO KVA. For larger sets, more separation for proper cooling is the deciding factor
Two D.G sets side by Side	When two generators are erected side by side, a minimum clearance of 1500 mm should be provided between the generators.
Protection	Up to and inclusive of 100 KVA: Switch fuse, Fuse Switch or Circuit Breaker. Above 100 KVA: Circuit Breaker.
Protection	All generators with rating of 100 KVA and above shall be protected against earth fault leakage. Protected against faults within the generator winding using restricted earth fault protection or differential protection or by both

D.G Set Spacing Guideline
Description	DG set with Acoustic Enclosure in Open Area.	DG set with Acoustic Enclosure in Covered Area.	Open DG set in room.
Free space on both sides	Min. 1.5 Meter	Min. 1.5 Meter	Min. 2 Meter
Free space at front side (Radiator- Hot air outlet at front)	Min. 3 Meter	Min. 3Meter (with ducting to avoid re-circulation)	Min. 1.5 Meter
Free space at front side (Radiator- Hot air outlet at top)	Min. 1 Meter	Min. 1.5 Meter	N/A
Free space at rear side (Alternator)	Min. 2 Meter	Min. 2 Meter	Min. 2 Meter
Fresh air inlet opening area	N/A	N/A	Min 1.5 times of the Radiator area.
Hot air discharge opening area	N/A	N/A	Min 2.5 times of the Radiator area.
Distance between two sets	Min 1.5 Meter between two canopies	Min 1.5 Meter between two canopies	Min 1.5 Meter between two foundations.

D.G SET CABLE SIZE
DG SIZE	AMP	CABLE SIZE X NO OF CABLE
2000 KVA	2782 A	500 x 10
1800 KVA	2504 A	400 x 10
1500 KVA	2087 A	400 x 8	300 x 9	240 x 10
1250 KVA	1739 A	400 x 7	300 x 8	240 x 9
1000 KVA	1391 A	300 x 6	225 x 7
750 KVA	1043 A	400 x 4	240 x 5	185 x 6
650 KVA	904 A	300 x 4	225 x 5	150 x 6
625 KVA	870 A	300 x 4	185 x 5	120 x 6
600 KVA	835 A	240 x 4	185 x 5	120 x 6
500 KVA	696 A	300 x 3	185 x 4	120 x 5
450 KVA	626 A	240 x 3	150 x 4	95 x 5
380 KVA	529 A	400 x 2	185 x 3	120 x 4
320 KVA	445 A	300 x 2	150 x 3	95 x 4
285 KVA	396 A	225 x 2	120 x 3	70 x 4
250 KVA	348 A	400 x 1	185 x 2	95 x 3
225 KVA	313 A	400 x 1	150 x 2
200 KVA	278 A	300 x 1
180 KVA	250 A	240 x 1
160 KVA	223 A	185 x 1
140 KVA	195 A	150 x 1
125 KVA	174 A	120 x 1
100 KVA	139 A	95 x 1
82.5 KVA	115 A	70 x 1
75 KVA	104 A	50 x 1
62.5 KVA	87 A	35 x 1
50 KVA	70 A	25 x 1
30 KVA	42 A	16 x 1
25 KVA	40 A	10 x 4
20 KVA	40 A	10 x 4
15 KVA	32 A	6 x 4

Diesel Generator Details
Diesel Generator Size	Typical Room Size (LXWXH)	Lubrication System Capacity	Coolant Capacity (H for HE, R for Radiator)
2000 KVA	12.5 x 7.5 x 6.5	400Liter	550 (H) 750 (R)
1800 KVA	12.5 x 7.5 x 6.5	400Liter	550 (H) 750 (R)
1500 KVA	12.5 x 7.5 x 6.5	177Liter	320 (H) 555 (R)
1250 KVA	12.5 x 7.5 x 6.5	177Liter	310 (H) 440 (R)
1000 KVA	11.0 x 7.0 x 6.5	145Liter	199 (H) 260 (R)
750 KVA	9. 0 x 6.0 x 5.0	118Liter	230 (H) 300 (R)
650 KVA	8.5 x 6.0 x 5.0	95Liter	212 (H) 250 (R)
625 KVA	8.5 x 6.0 x 5.0	95Liter	210 (H) 240 (R)
600 KVA	8.5 x 6.0 x 5.0	95Liter	210 (H) 240 (R)
500 KVA	8.5 x 6.0 x 5.0	55Liter	125 (H) 175 (R)
450 KVA	8.5 x 6.0 x 5.0	55Liter	125 (H) 175 (R)
380 KVA	8.0 x 5.5 x 5.0	55Liter	80 (H) 115 (R)
320 KVA	7.5 x 5.0 x 5.0	39Liter	45 (H) 76 (R)
285 KVA	7.5 x 5.0 x 5.0	39Liter	40 (H) 95 (R)
250 KVA	7.5 x 5.0 x 5.0	39Liter	47 (H) 80 (R)
225 KVA	7.5 x 5.0 x 5.0	39Liter	47 (H) 80 (R)
200 KVA	6.5 x 4.5 x 3.5	24Liter	28 (R)
180 KVA	6.5 x 4.5 x 3.5	24Liter	27 (R)
160 KVA	6.5 x 4.5 x 3.5	24Liter	27 (R)
140 KVA	6.5 x 4.5 x 3.5	24Liter	27 (R)
125 KVA	6.0 x 4.0 x 3.5	14.3Liter	25 (R)
100 KVA	6.0 x 4.0 x 3.5	14.3Liter	22 (R)
82.5 KVA	6.0 x 4.0 x 3.5	14.3Liter	22 (R)
75 KVA	6.0 x 4.0 x 3.5	9Liter	13 (R)
62.5 KVA	6.0 x 3.5 x 3.0	9Liter	11 (R)
50 KVA	6.0 x 3.5 x 3.0	9Liter	11 (R)
30 KVA	6.0 x 3.5 x 3.0	9Liter	11 (R)
25 KVA	4.0 x 1.5 x 2.0	6.5Liter	7.5 (R)
20 KVA	4.0 x 1.5 x 2.0	6.5Liter	7.5 (R)
15 KVA	4.0 x 1.5 x 2.0	5Liter	6 (R)

Size of Cables, Earthing conductors and protection of Generators
Generator Capacity	Full load Current rating	Cable size AYFY	Earth conductor size (mm2/SWG)	Protection	Panel Meters
5 KVA	7 A	4 mm2	8.3/10	MCB/MCCB
7.5 KVA	10.5 A	4 mm2	8.3/10	MCB/MCCB
10 KVA	14 A	4.8 mm2	8.3/10	MCB/MCCB
12.5 KVA	17.5 A	6 mm2	8.3/10	MCB/MCCB	AM,VM, FM&EM
15 KVA	21 A	10 mm2	8.3/10	MCB/MCCB
20 KVA	28 A	10 mm2	8.3/10	MCB/MCCB
25 KVA	35 A	16 mm2	18.6/6	MCB/MCCB
30 KVA	42 A	16 mm2	18.6/6	MCB/MCCB
35 KVA	49 A	25 mm2	18.6/6	MCB/MCCB
40 KVA	56 A	35 mm2	27.27/4	MCB/MCCB
45 KVA	63 A	35 mm2	27.27/4	MCB/MCCB
50 KVA	70 A	35 mm2	27.27/4	MCB/MCCB
63 KVA	88 A	50 mm2	27.27/4	MCB/MCCB
75 KVA	105 A	95 mm2	25×3	MCB/MCCB
82.5 KVA	115 A	95 mm2	25×3	MCB/MCCB
100 KVA	140 A	120 mm2	25×3	MCCB + standby low set earth fault relay using CT in neutral earthing conductor
125 KVA	175 A	150 mm2	25×3
160 KVA	224 A	185 mm2	25×3
180 KVA	252 A	185 mm2	25×3
200 KVA	280 A	2×120 mm2	25×3
225 KVA	315 A	2×120 mm2	25×3
250 KVA	350 A	2×185 mm2	25×3
320 KVA	448 A	2×300 mm2	25×3
400 KVA	560 A	2×400 mm2	25×3
500 KVA	700 A	3×400 mm2	25×3	ACB with overload and E/F release and stand by low set earth fault relay using CT in neutral earthing conductor	AM,VM, FM, EM, PFM, KVAM or KVM
625 KVA	875 A	4×400 mm2	25×3
750 KVA	1050 A	4 x400 Al XLPE cable or Bus Trunking.	25×3
1000 kVA and above,	ACB with thermal O/L, voltage-controlled O/C relay, over voltage, under voltage, negative sequence, low set stand by earth fault relays and REF/Differential relay with fuel shut off facilities. Over speed protection shall be provided for the engine

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